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Öğe Bankacılık sektöründe operasyonel riskin minimize edilmesi ve altı sigma uygulamaları(2009) Atay, Erhan; Apak, Sudiİşletmelerin anahtar süreçlerinin performansının arttırılmasında Altı Sigma metodolojisinin ve onun araçlarının kullanılması popüler bir biçimde kabul görmektedir. Bu ortamda bulunan ve ayakta kalmak isteyen işletmelerin oluşan bu dev pazarlardan bir pay alabilmek için yapmaları gereken; müşterilerinin isteklerini tamamıyla karşılamak, hatta onlara beklentilerinin üzerinde mal ve hizmetleri sıfır hatayla, en çabuk, kalitatif beklentilere en uygun ve en ucuz bir şekilde sunmaktır. Hem stratejik hem de taktiksel olarak süreçlerin gelişmesine odaklanarak Altı Sigma, kaliteyi arttırarak, maliyetleri minimize ederek, innovasyonu teşvik ederek, müşteri ilişkilerini derinleştirerek, kurum kültürlerini güçlendirerek, müşterilerin olağanüstü finansal başarılarını da sağlamaktadır. Son yıllarda etkin risk yönetimi finansal kuruluşların faaliyetlerini sürdürmelerini belirleyen en önemli etkenlerden birisi durumuna gelmiştir. Operasyonel risk finansal piyasalara yön veren kuruluşlarda özellikle 1990’lı yıllarda yaşanan büyük miktarlı kayıp olaylarıyla risk yönetimi gündeminin ilk sırasına yerleşmiştir. Diğer birçok riske göre de operasyonel risk, bankacılık sektörünün artan hacmi ve karmaşıklığı içerisinde zararlı yönleri olan büyük bir potansiyel olarak meydana çıkmaktadır. Basel komitesinin son önerisine göre de ticari bankaların operasyonel riske yaklaşımlarına dair ileri ölçümleri kullanmalarına izin verilmektedir.Öğe Eurozone debt crises versus new opportunities for global internet banking collaboration and strategic alliances in the EU and Balkan countries(Elsevier Science Bv, 2012) Apak, Sudi; Atay, ErhanToday internet banking is an alternative delivery channel developed by using internet to offer banking services. International banking sector started to use the internet not only as an innovative payment method to increase customer convenience, but also as a way to reduce costs and enhance profits. It is observed that the retail markets have remained essentially national/local and internet banking is gaining wider public acceptance in the EU. Internet banking activities continue to increase in the EU region through the opportunities internet provides for the banking sector as well as its low cost benefits for banks. This paper examines internet banking in the context of the banking sector which has a great importance due to its big effect on the economy of the EU and Balkan countries. Debt-induced economic austerity is destroying the European banking sector which derives no benefit from the borrowed billions but must now make great sacrifices to bail out. In this study, the potential risk of the Sub-Prime banking crisis into a sovereign debt one in Euro area countries is investigated. Nevertheless, the serious threats, which concern Greece and Italy, do not permit us to exclude the occurrence of contagious sovereign debt crises in Euro area in the future. There will be economic pain if the Greeks continue with the euro and there will be economic pain if the Greeks leave the euro. (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the 8th International Strategic Management ConferenceÖğe Financial risk management in renewable energy sector: Comparative analysis between the European Union and Turkey(Elsevier Science Bv, 2011) Apak, Sudi; Atay, Erhan; Tuncer, GungorRenewable energy is clean sources of energy that have a much lower environmental impact than conventional energy technologies. Renewable energy sector plays a very important role in the strategic energy planning process in any country. Most renewable energy investments are spent on materials and workmanship to build and maintain the facilities, rather than on costly energy imports. In this context, renewable energy provides innovative, cost effective renewable energy risk management and insurance programmes, helping this increasingly competitive industry meet the challenges it faces. At the same time, the speed of change in renewable energy technology requires specialists able to provide expert risk advice and insurance broking services. Meanwhile, focus on the renewable energy sector has never been higher, with governments around the world setting tough targets for the amount of energy provided by renewable sources. The main aim of this paper is to examine the financial risk management instruments that are evolving to meet the needs of the renewable energy sector in both the EU and Turkey. Finally, we provide the research findings according to our objective and discuss their managerial and theoretical implications related to renewable energy investments. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility 7th International Strategic Management ConferenceÖğe Global competitiveness in the EU through green innovation technologies and knowledge production(ScienceDirect, 2015) Apak, Sudi; Atay, ErhanIn information age,technological innovation rather than investment per se become the main source of increased productivity,the major tool of economic competition in the world market.From the public perspective ,government programs can rely on technological innovation in order to increase the quality of goods produced.However this introduces another types of market failure since the distribution of production costs is not efficient.Thus, a public firm may be a useful policy instrument,although with certain limitations. On the other hand;knowledge can be created by individual or group action.Technological knowledge accumulation is commonly accepted as a vital force of economic development. This paper presents a research related to the knowledge production processe as the basic requirements of the green innovation activities especially and the international competitiveness. Quality of products is considered as the best guarantee for longterm competitiveness of firms and countries. Innovations are much more regionally concentrated than other economic activities and they are clustered within certain sectors and locations. The main aim of the work is to draw a picture of the EU countries performances at the sector level in terms of innovative green technology , economic productivity and environmental efficiency. In addition,the paper draws a conclusion that competitiveness factors change according to type of sectors or economic structures of the EU countries. This gives us some clues; why the green innovation and technologies considered as the important stages for the companies that seek to gain international the competitiveness in global markets. Now that EU integration is entering its ultimate economic and monetary union phase, we conclude that EU policy should start to reassess the needs for a green technology policy institutional framework more directly aimed at removing the remaining European barriers to knowledge distribution. Finally,specific sector performances such as innovative, environmental, and economic, are crucial to the future competitiveness and achievement of environmental targets in the EUÖğe Global Innovation and Knowledge Management Practice in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Turkey and the Balkans(ScienceDirect, 2014) Apak, Sudi; Atay, ErhanIn today’s changing world innovation management is becoming one of the key drivers for change and competitive advantage within industry. SMEs need to respond rapidly to these emerging changes so as to fulfill their customer needs more rapidly. The key component of a knowledge economy is a greater reliance on intellectual capabilities than on physical inputs or natural resources. We provide evidence drawn from patent data to document and upsurge in knowledge production and show that this expansion is driven by the emergence of new industries. Economic and political relations between Balkan countries and Turkey are so important that their common socio-cultural values come from their history. Therefore, Turkey and Balkans have not stepped into knowledge economy yet. In order to achieve this, they have to accomplish their economy and should not miss the importance of the knowledge economy. In this context, the Balkans has always been at a crossroads of different cultures and civilizations, where different religions and people have existed side by side. Economically, the Balkan states are relatively small entities. Balkan countries are at different levels of democratic transformation and their per capita GDPs range from less than 2000 Euro to around 7000 Euro. The purpose of this article is to investigate knowledge management practice in Turkey and the Balkans. Knowledge-based economic approach becomes the main development leverage for the global economy that a challenge for these regions is realizing the ‘new value’ of knowledge.Öğe Industrial Policy and Climate Change Management of Turkey as an EU candidate country(Elsevier Science Bv, 2013) Apak, Sudi; Atay, ErhanClimate change is predicted to have particular economic and social impacts. The environmental sustainability problem has already concerned the international organizations such as United Nations and World Bank, as well as the EU, the USA, Asian, African organizations at the regional level and the national governments. In this context, the ecologic concerns and environmental problems such as climate change go beyond the state borders, just like money and information. Industrialization is Turkey's chosen instrument for economic development. Having not completed her industrialization process yet, Turkey is neither a wealthy nor a rich country. One potential negative side of industrialization in Turkey would be the significant increase in CO2 emissions. This paper explores the implications of climate change management for industrial policy. Accordingly, it is clear that carefully balanced industrial policy can allow manufacturing and increase without significantly contributing to accelerated growth in CO2 emissions. It is very well known that the best defense against climate change is economic development. In this respect, the importance of private sector funding is emphasized and the funding needs of low-carbon economy and industrial policy are discussed. Low-carbon growth, when achieved, will be more energy-secure, cleaner, safer and more bio-diverse than its predecessors.Öğe A look at the EU countries' carbon dioxide emissions and Turkey's sustainable industrial growth(Elsevier Science Bv, 2013) Apak, Sudi; Atay, ErhanThe relationship between energy and sustainable economic growth has always been close. Sustainable industrial growth has a strong focus on greening industry through six priority action lines, including technologies for clean production, bin-based product markets and sustainable raw material use. In this context, the environmental industry has been identified as one of the most promising areas of specialization and green technologies are at the core of the areas which should lay the foundation of the new industrial revolution in the European Union. Renewable energy, nowadays also used as alternative energy, is the new phenomenon on the way for sustainable industrial development and for an environmentally integrated energy policy. It is also the most probable way for the EU countries to meet their Kyoto targets when producing energy. Most environmental technology investment projects come from the renewable energy industry, followed by the industtial machinery industry, the electronic components industry and the turbines and engines industry. The EU is a major host of green technology projects with a share of 46% in 2011. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), energy use in Turkey is expected to double over the next decade, while electricity demand growth is expected to increase at an even faster pace. Meeting this level of growth will require significant industrial investment in the renewable energy sector, much of which will come from the private sector. Recently, renewable energy awareness has made great strides both in the EU and Turkey. Therefore, the import-substitution development strategy followed up to 1980 was designed to make Turkey an independent producer of manufactured goods. Meanwhile, one of the potential negative sides of industrialization in Turkey would be significant increase in CO(2)emissions. Finally, the main objective of the paper is to investigate how to allocate sustainable industrial sources to effectively meet targets of environmental protection in the EU and its candidate member Turkey.(C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.Öğe New innovative activities in renewable energy technologies and environmental policy: evidence from an EU candidate country(Elsevier Science Bv, 2012) Apak, Sudi; Atay, Erhan; Tuncer, GungorInnovative products, services, and business models can benefit the environment by reducing the pressure on natural resources and/or the emission of pollutants. At the same time, environmentally friendly innovation can foster economic development. It is likely that to solve an environmental problem like climate change, which is caused by emissions from virtually all economic sectors, we need innovations that can be of relevance to multiple sectors or the whole economy as well as systemic innovations requiring complementary changes rather than autonomous ones. Our goal in this article is to answer the following research questions: what are the institutional factors that facilitate the diffusion of an international management standard in the area of the renewable energy? The most desirable task of all the economies perhaps is to strive for environmentally sustainable economic growth. In this context, renewable energy will be the mainstream source of the EU's energy supply by 2050. Turkey has great potential in terms of renewable energy sources. However, public and political support is missing. The other unwanted situation is that although Turkey consumes less energy than EU countries, we have a huge population and high economic development. The management of energy demand should be strictly taken into consideration. Regarding the policy effects, the paper examines renewable energy policies of the EU and Turkey as a candidate country. Finally, the paper argues that Turkey has to make renewable energy the mainstream source of its energy system.Öğe An overview of GDP and internet banking relations in the European Union versus China(Elsevier Science Bv, 2013) Atay, Erhan; Apak, SudiAfter 1995 the Internet diffused rapidly throughout the world economy. A strong banking sector is important to every country to stimulate economic growth and maintain financial stability for the whole financial system. Hence, information and technological revolution motivated banks to spend more on technology to maximize return and attract more customers who will not accept less than above-average services. The European Union has long sought to create a single financial area across Europe where consumers in one country benefit from banking sector in other countries. With the emergence of the Internet as a platform for the provision of e-banking services, the creation of a pan-European market for banking services appeared a realistic proposition. Moreover, in spite of the long-term profitability challenges, most major banks in EU have invested and are still investing in providing Internet banking services as a new cost-effective delivery channel, driven by cost reduction, market share increase and customer retention targets. Therefore, the Chinese banking industry is not generally well understood since it had enjoyed a strong government protection from foreign competitors over a long period of time. Although internet banking in China has experienced a significant growth in the past for several years, it is still regarded in its early stage of development compared to the internet banking adoption and utilization rate in the developed nations. Finally, good economic conditions affect banking sector performance positively. The bank should benefit from conditions associated with economic boom as possible to mitigate the negative effects that may be faced by the bank during the economic recession. In the light of these facts, this paper discusses how the Internet is creating new applications for banking services. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.Öğe Renewable Energy Financial Management in the EU Enlargement Strategy and Environmental Crises(Elsevier Science Bv, 2013) Apak, Sudi; Atay, ErhanThe European Union's enlargement process has entered a new phase. The completion of the accession negotiations with Croatia opened the way to membership in mid-2013. In addition, for Turkey, accession process remains the most effective framework for promoting EU-related reforms, developing dialogue on foreign policy issues, strengthening economic competitiveness and diversifying supply of energy sources. Similarly, improved energy cooperation with the enlargement countries directly benefits European citizens and businesses. Energy interconnection is a key element in the EU's cooperation with all neighboring countries aimed at promoting sustainable economic growth, trade and cultural exchange, employment, as well as at improving living conditions. All enlargement countries have now embarked upon a path of recovery, though at varying paces. For instance, Turkey has emerged from the crisis with a bigger economy and its growth continues to be impressive, but there are increasing signs of overheating. The Western Balkan economies are also beginning to recover, though it will take some time for them to reach pre-crisis levels. Meanwhile, climate developments will affect financial positions through their direct impact on tax bases and spending programs, and more importantly, through the policies needed to mitigate climate change and adapt behaviors and production to the new environment. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between economic growth, energy intensity, and financial management and CO2 emissions in case of the EU.Öğe Renewable hydrogen energy regulations, codes and standards: Challenges faced by an EU candidate country(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2012) Apak, Sudi; Atay, Erhan; Tuncer, GungorThe European Union is one of the most important players in the field of world energy with an integrated and well-organized energy market. However, energy policies in the EU are not sustainable. The EU is the world's largest importer of fossil fuels and is leading global action in accelerating the transition to renewable energy and low-carbon economy at present. Renewables make the second-largest contribution to domestic energy production after coal. This paper focuses on the institutional, public policy and business practice aspects in terms of hydrogen energy infrastructure development and the regulations in the context of planning and construction for hydrogen energy infrastructure. In the paper, the current status of these aspects are discussed as well as future directions with a focus on how these experiences can be applied in order to boost industrial innovation in hydrogen technologies and to facilitate its subsequent development. This paper also analyzes the current state of the regulation of the hydrogen energy sector in the EU and its candidate country, Turkey. Although hydrogen offers advantages to society, it has not been perceived by the individual consumer yet. It is clear that hydrogen energy presents neither financial nor technological problems. The barriers to the hydrogen energy are not technical but the mindset, regulatory and political interferences are the source of the problems. Copyright (C) 2012, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
