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Öğe Better Economics for Better Energy(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Ozdemiroglu E.; Uyar T.S.; Papa T.Increasing recognition that environmental and social risks have economic consequences (and indeed causes) is encouraging but it is not sufficient. The action to address such risks is lagging behind. We believe economic analysis can be a powerful tool in supporting such action if it is put to good use. By good use, we mean an economic analysis that includes all factors that affect human wellbeing recognising that these are not limited to the market economy and financial returns. The risks we are now facing, like climate change, are too big for a single discipline or policy to deal with. We need to work across disciplines, ministries and businesses. We believe using a broader economic framing can help by pooling different types of data to understand most appropriate actions. As well as conceptual discussions about economic analysis, we share examples of renewable energy policy from the United Kingdom and the Republic of Turkey. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Öğe Bioenergy Production by Anaerobic Digestion: Using on Campus Biomass and Food Wastes(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Rabbani M.A.; Uyar T.S.The reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG) and Carbon foot prints are the main objectives decided by the organizations worldwide working for the clean and pollution free environment and sustainability for the future generations. This can only be achieved if the dependency on fossil fuels is reduced and the clean energy is used instead. The usage of renewable energy resources is the need of the time. In this chapter we discuss the bioenergy technologies and how the biowaste produced in the universities can be successfully utilized to produce clean energy. The educational institutes such as colleges and universities can not only be used to educate the future generations regarding the sustainability but in fact can put their contribution in clean and renewable energies by research and development. The concept of Green Campuses can be used as a practical implementation of new clean technologies besides research and development of the new renewable energy resources. The current engineering technologies that can be used to convert campus food waste into bio energy are provided for the production of bio energy that can help the university campus reduce the dependency on the fossil fuels by using the produced energy not only for making food for students but as a source of fuel for on campus transportation, electric and heating requirements. Also, different case studies have been presented from the campuses around the world regarding production of bio energy and conversion of this energy into electricity and gas using Anaerobic Digesters and combined heat and power plants. These case studies show the effectiveness of the bioenergy production concept implementations. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Öğe ESCO and EPC Models for Energy Efficiency Transformation(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Künar A.; Uyar T.S.; Bilto M.Current energy crisis that the world is witnessing with a persistent increase in energy prices all over the globe is impacting many countries including Turkey, with energy industries inability to compete with the current demands because of the carbon sanctions a solution must be created to get rid of carbon sanctions. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Öğe Hydrogen Related Technologies and Application a Major Pathway for the Energy Transition(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Uyar T.S.; Bilto M.The capabilities of hydrogen as a key role in the upcoming transition to a more sustainable green energy future have increased rapidly in recent years and gained interest globally. COVID-19 Outbreak drew attention to how important it is for us as societies to have Clean Air, Water, Food And re-established consumers behavior regarding the consumption of energy which pointed the attention at hydrogen Starting from the first meeting to fight climate change until today, the biggest steps and strategies taken against global warming focusing on hydrogen cost-reduction technologies and Carbon-based industries where hydrogen is a promising solution to transform them into Emission-free industries. This chapter reviews the most recent publications and papers on green hydrogen, its applications, and the challenges that faces us as societies to empower green hydrogen utilization in a transition to a carbon-free future, and how it can play a vital role in the energy transition with Europe latest hydrogen-based strategies to become a climate-neutral continent. And how hydrogen and its application will lead the energy transition to renewables in Turkey. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Öğe Hydrogen Utilization in Ships in Line with EU Green Deal Goals(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Sulukan E.; Sari A.; Özekinci M.C.; Özkan D.; Uyar T.S.Energy is one of the most significant factors that has shaped history from the past to the present. Given the struggle against global warming and climate change, two of the world’s most pressing issues, it is predicted that energy will remain one of the most significant elements shaping the future. Global warming and climate change become a concern for all nations, regions, continents, areas, and industries near the end of the twentieth century. Many nations, fields, and industries have signed protocols, norms, and agreements to prevent global warming and climate change. Although the marine sector is likewise interested in this topic, significant progress has only lately been made. With the EU Green Deal, the EU established a zero-emission objective for all sectors by 2050, drawing all attention to Europe in the marine sector. In order to meet the zero-carbon emissions objective, all industries have agreed on two major options. These are renewable energy and carbon-free fuels named clean energy. The use of carbon-free fuels stands out, because of the significant energy consumption in the aviation and maritime industries. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Öğe Integration of Renewable Energy to Trigeneration Systems for Rural Sustainability in Developing Countries(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Ma’aji N.S.; Adebayo V.; Shefik A.; Uyar T.S.In most rural areas of developing countries, people do not have direct access to basic needs such as electricity, freshwater, or air conditioning (heating or cooling), etc. Trigeneration systems offer great potential in terms of ability to deliver these essential communal needs at once since a variety of different systems are available to address the specific needs of the people. However, electricity production from conventional fossil fuels is becoming more expensive every day due to limited resources as well as causing undesirable environmental and health issues. Integrating renewable energy sources into trigeneration systems will help to tackle these problems and support sustainable development. In this regard, this chapter will review trigeneration systems and their application to different communal needs, with an emphasis on examples of renewable integrated trigeneration systems for electricity, freshwater, and air-conditioning requirements. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Öğe Leveraging Knowledge on Renewable Energy in Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Region(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Zebakh S.; Moudakkar T.; Rhouma A.; Uyar T.S.; Sadiki M.The southern and Eastern Mediterranean countries are facing rapid demographic growth, swift urbanization and significant socioeconomic development which requires new and growing needs for energy. At the same time, these countries have a high potential for utilizing renewable energy resources, especially wind and solar, as well as improving their energy use and efficiency. The Southern Mediterranean countries (limited to Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt in our study) have implemented policies, programs, regulations, infrastructures and dedicated important funding to the renewable energy application. However, the region still needs to go beyond several limits that require in-depth scientific studies to come up with technical, political or managerial solutions. This chapter provides an examination of the cooperation in the field of Science, Technology and Innovation between the European Union and the Southern Mediterranean Countries in the domain of renewable energy. A review of the participation of these countries in programs such ERANETMED, H2020, and PRIMA highlighted the existence of research centers of excellence, individual expertise and large networks of collaboration. Our results draw attention to the need for implementation of more transnational collaborative research and innovation programs in the field renewable energy as a driver to the southern Mediterranean countries energy transition. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Öğe Preface(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Dincer I.; Uyar T.S.; Javani N.[No abstract available]Öğe Renewable Energy Integration and Zero Energy Buildings(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Heperkan H.A.; Önal B.S.; Uyar T.S.Renewable energy is the energy that makes use of the continuous natural processes for its production and renews itself in a shorter time than the depletion rate of the resources it uses for production. The types of renewable energies include geothermal energy, wind energy, solar energy, hydroelectric, hydrogen, wave and biomass energy. Zero energy buildings (ZEB or nZEB) are highly energy efficient buildings with zero net energy consumption, meaning that the total amount of energy used by the building on an annual basis is equal to the amount of renewable energy created on the site or by renewable energy sources offsite, using technologies such as heat pumps, high efficiency windows and insulation, and solar panels. This definition is also used by the European Parliament Building Energy Performance Directive (EPBD) [Directive (EU) 2010/31/EU]. The directive enforces the buildings built after December 31, 2020 to be zero-energy buildings (ZEB) or nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB). They should be cooled or heated according to their purpose by renewable sources. The purpose of calculating energy performance in buildings is to determine the annual total energy demand given in net primary energy corresponding to energy for heating, cooling, ventilation, hot water and lighting. Therefore, high-energy consuming buildings should be supported with renewable energy. For residential buildings, most Member States aim to have a primary energy use of no higher than 50 kWh/(m2 y). In our country, the energy performance of buildings is determined using the calculation method within the scope of the National Energy Performance of Buildings Method and using BEP-TR software. The method followed in this study is based on BEP-TR software and calculations. The Turkish Standards Institute study method (TSE/TSI) begins with the determination of the reference specifications for each building type, using the data. The share of renewable energies in the total energy supply is required for the net zero energy building concept, taking into account active systems such as photovoltaic panels, hot water collectors and heat pumps. As a result, net zero energy buildings, supported by renewable energy, have begun to be implemented in Turkey. The location of the buildings, the number and density of the building occupants provide a useful flexibility to reduce the performance deficiencies that may be experienced due to the design features and to achieve the nZEB targets. The European Union took the first step with the Energy Performance in Buildings Directive (2002/91/EC), EPBD. The directive, which was revised in 2010 (2010/31/EU), introduced concepts such as “reference building”, “optimum cost” and “nearly zero energy buildings”. The last revision of EPBD was approved in 2018. The new revision includes the strengthening of indoor environment quality, proper maintenance and effective inspection and setting more ambitious energy efficiency targets in line with the opinions of the stakeholders and REHVA. Encouraging the use of information and communication technology (ICT) and smart technologies (smart meters, building automation and control systems) to ensure efficient operation of buildings, energy storage and the definition of “smart readiness indicator” that shows how ready the buildings are for compliance with the distribution network, requests the renovation of existing and old buildings. The European Commission proposed a revision of the directive (COM (2021) 802 final) in 2021. It upgrades the existing regulatory framework to reflect higher ambitions and more pressure on climate and social action, while providing EU countries with the flexibility needed to take into account the differences in the building stock across Europe. Digitalization is a good opportunity to increase the share of various renewable energy sources to meet the demand for heating and cooling. Approximately 19% of Europe's heating and cooling consumption is met by renewable energy (mostly solid biomass) (EEA 2018). Renewable energy technologies used to heat and cool buildings can be placed in individual units of small capacity or in DHC, district heating and cooling systems with larger capacities. Digitization, by optimizing implementation, planning and business models, reduces the total cost of decarbonization by connecting heat and cooling device manufacturers, users, local stakeholders and energy markets. It is a driving force for smart buildings, smart communities, smart cities, local energy and district heating and cooling (DHC). In many buildings today, control is limited to at most one room thermostat. Even though thermostats are programmable, many building occupants do not know their existence or do not know how to do it. The benefits of digitization for heating and cooling, even the existence of technologies, are little known. However, heating and cooling are vital for comfort at home and at work. Using devices that analyze and process large amounts of data, digital technologies provide a new data layer that can be energetically and socially utilized, helping to better manage the building energy system and increase energy efficiency. For example, when digitization and electrification are used together, direct communication between the building and the main grid can be achieved, and both generation and demand sides can be optimized through some innovative approaches. “Internet of Things” solutions create greater interaction between HVAC systems and building occupants; consumers can become more aware of energy waste and make their own energy choices more consciously. Advanced HVAC technologies are actually ready for this environment; the main challenge is to show that they are economically and financially sustainable through cost–benefit analysis. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Öğe Towards More Geothermal Energy in Turkey(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Lise W.; Uyar T.S.Driven by global warming, transition to zero carbon economy has become of utmost importance. This transition needs to focus on all renewable energy technologies, such as solar, wind, biomass, hydro, geothermal, etc., and energy efficiency measures will also play a key role in this transition. Among the renewable energy resources, geothermal is probably the least developed, but can provide a good source of meeting baseload energy needs both for electricity generation and heat supply. The energy policy of the Turkish government has two main priorities, namely (a) maximizing exploitation of domestic primary energy resources and (b) securing sufficient, reliable, and affordable energy to a growing economy in an environmentally sustainable manner. There is a supportive legal framework to facilitate geothermal development. Geothermal resources in Turkey are used for power production, as well as for space heating and tourism related applications. The installed capacity of geothermal power plants in Turkey has grown from 15 MWe in 2006 to 1613 MWe by end of 2020. However, capacity development has mainly taken place in the Aegean region, namely the Menderes and Gediz Grabens. The target is to reach 2000 MWe geothermal power capacity by 2023 and even up to 4000 MWe by 2030. The key research question of this chapter is: how can Turkey attract new investments and further increase the installed capacity in geothermal for power generation and direct use? Thereupon, this chapter will assess the current situation of geothermal in Turkey and point out the potential and the geographical hotspots, which should be focused on to further develop geothermal use. The literature on investments in geothermal power will also be assessed, leading to an estimate of the reasonable installed capacity per drilled production well. A simple business model needed for profitable investments will be discussed. Financial support in the form of a risk-sharing mechanism (RSM), which has recently been launched in Turkey will be crucially important. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Öğe Transition Period to Renewable Energy Usage: Turkey Case(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Turan İ.; Uyar T.S.Turkey is a country with all kinds of renewable resources due to its geography and the adventure of generating electricity from these resources has the potential to be a case study. The first period of power generation applications, which started with the coal-fired “Silahtarağa Thermal Power Plant” that was opened in 1914 to meet Istanbul’s electricity needs, continued with small sized water and coal fired power plants. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Öğe Wave Energy Conversion Technologies(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Erselcan İ.Ö.; Özkan D.; Sulukan E.; Uyar T.S.The energy crisis experienced in the 1970s showed that meeting the energy requirements mostly from fossil fuels could adversely affect our lives. While the energy requirements are mostly met from fossil fuels, their harmful effects on the environment are also becoming more evident by each day. As a result, different energy sources were started to be researched to diversify the supply of energy and to prevent the pollution of the environment. Waves are a promising and abundant source of renewable energy that was started to be studied during the days of the energy crisis. Many different types of wave energy converters have been designed so far, which are at different levels of development. Designing a wave energy converter that will satisfy many requirements in a very harsh environment is a complex process. Many factors should be analyzed, such as the geometry and the size of the float, the type of the power take-off system and its dynamics, the mooring system, and the environmental conditions. Thus, the wave energy converters are briefly introduced and the analyses that are carried out during the design process are explained. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
