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    History of natural stones and industry of Turkey
    (2009) Tuncer G.; Kerey I.E.
    Anatolia was one of the centers of marble production and trade especially in antique ages.Quarries that provided the marble used in the majestic structures in huge proportions of the antique era were located mostly in Western Anatolia.Marmara Island is in the Northwest Anatolia, Marmara Sea took its name from "Marmaro", meaning marble in Greek; it contains the most important white marble quarries and was the most important export center especially during Roman period.Quarries where the bluish Marmara Marble was mined were expanded by Romans and turned into big enterprises.Marble was transported to Mediterranean and Black Sea as well, with Roman's Ships that could carry big blocks. Marble was not only exported as blocks from there,they were sold first as semi-processed (decorations would be made on arrival) pillars, sarcophagus and similar products, then fully pocessed in late antique age. Most of the white marble used in Istanbul in Byzantium and Ottoman periods were shipped from Marmara Island. © 2009 All Rights Reserved by the International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM.
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    Sedimentological characteristics of the Çukurbag Formation deposited along the Ecemis Fault Zone, Central Anatolia, Turkey
    (2007) Gürel A.; Çiftçi E.; Kerey I.E.
    The Oligocene Çukurbag Formation, deposited within a long narrow basin surrounded by the Aladag, Ulukisla, and Nigde metamorphic Groups, consists of conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, marl, mudstone-gypsum successions. A number of analytical methods including morphological, mineralogical, and chemical techniques were employed to investigate the sedimentological characteristics of the formation. According to the grain size analyses, sediments of the formation are very poorly sorted with strong positive to near symmetrical skewness. The analyses show that irregular flow regime should have occurred during sedimentation of the Çukurbag Formation. These sediments comprises mainly of quartz, feldspars, calcite, clinopyroxene, and Fe-oxides. Common clay minerals include smectite, chlorite, and kaolinite. The chemical analyses carried out on the samples representing the bottom to the top of the formation indicated that SiO2, Al2O3, K2O, and P2O5 contents are low compared to the world mudstone averages. However, MgO, CaO, and C contents are comparatively high. Four measured profiles showing the distribution of principle facies within the formation are prepared. Based on the profile analyses, seven distinct lithological facies were distinguished that include massive conglomerate, bedded conglomerate, stratified sandstone, cross-bedded sandstone, laminated siltstone, massive mudstone-marl, and laminated mudstone-gypsum. This study suggests that the sediments of this formation must have been reworked material transported from unknown distances and deposited in an alluvial fan-braided stream and lacustrine environments. © Geol. Soc. India.