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Öğe AN EXAMPLE OF FIT-FOR PURPOSE USE OF MATERIALS IN ROMAN ARCHITECTURE: P TEMPLE, SIDE, ANTALYA/TURKEY(Int Center Numerical Methods Engineering, 2021) Heinz, Gamze KaymakThe high- podium Roman Period temple, with a semi- circular plan scheme, was discovered by Lanckoronski and his team in Side, Turkey and named after ` P' in 1890 [ 1]. The temple was unearthed by Mansel [ 2] and his team in 1947 through archaeological excavations. In 2013, further studies started on the temple. The aim of the still ongoing work is to seek answers to such issues that haven't been clarified yet, as the plan scheme, to whom it was dedicated, and the date of construction. In this context, the construction structure of the Temple P was investigated during the present study based on in- situ and precise documentation: At least five different types of stones were classified by purpose, including conglomerate, travertine, sandstone, marble and rubble stone mixed with mortar as infilling material. It was seen that fit- to purpose use of the material was considered more important than the ideal and repeated dimensions of the building blocks. Moreover, local material was used except for the outsourced marble. In addition to the large- sized clamps and dowels in the load- bearing core blocks of the walls, the spaces between the coatings and the load- bearing core were filled with mortar. In this construction technique, opus revinctum and opus caementitium were used together. The partition walls separating the three rooms of the lower floor and the vault cover made with mortar and formwork system belong to the construction period of the temple. However, there are indications that the outer walls, about 2,5 m thick, originated from the foundations of a precursor structure. Four construction stages of the pillar profiles of the orthostat coating blocks of the podium, each having different lengths, can be traced from the upper surface workmanship, without scalping. The podium, which is approximately 2,30 cm high, is reached by one main and two side stairs. Numerous, high quality marble blocks in front of the cella on the podium indicate the presence of a monumental entrance structure made in opus revinctum technique. Unlike the profiled orthostat blocks of the podium, which were processed in situ after assembly, the cassette and cornice blocks of the entrance structure were produced ' on the ground' previously. The restitution of the marble cassette ceiling of the monumental entrance structure has been developed by combining the 1: 10 scale precision surveys of the blocks via a computer aided method. The efforts for a modular planning and production are witnessed in the construction of cassette ceilings.Öğe Place Diagnosis Before Transformation: Case of Fener-Balat(Sage Publications Inc, 2023) Gur, Sengul Oymen; Heinz, Gamze KaymakAutochthonous places are sui generis and unique. But unfortunately, they entice planners and politicians and become their target. This study investigates a more than 2,000 years old settlement, Fener-Balat (Istanbul), in terms of topos (its population movements and ethnic structure over the years, physical properties) and chora (feelings, emotions, and aura). It employs multiple research techniques that disclose findings on dimensional and typo-morphological qualities (connectivity, accessibility, legibility, walkability, figure/ground, and other identity properties such as district-edge-nodes-paths-landmarks), historical and cultural palimpsests, which altogether define the uniqueness of the place. The present study claims that the Fener-Balat district is defined as a strong place with its topos, and chora, despite the undesirable physical, social, and ethnic structure changes brought about by time. Thus, it proposes a soft method that includes renovation and restoration of problem buildings on site which is more suitable for the unique protected areas of world civilizations.Öğe SİDE’DE BİR MİMARİ BLOKTAKİ ANTİK ÇİZİMLER VE BLOĞUN ÇOK YÖNLÜ KULLANIM ÖYKÜSÜ(2019) Erkoç, Serap; Heinz, Gamze Kaymak2018 yılında, Side’de mermer bir mimari blok üzerine yapılmış olan antik çizimlerdikkati çekmiştir. Güçlükle ve sadece belirli bir ışık altında görülebilen bu çizimler, ilk olarak 2002 yılında Ülkü İzmirligil tarafından tiyatronun sahne binasının önündenkaldırılan blok taşların arasında keşfedilmiştir. Çizgiler, pürüzsüz mermer üzerinde,yüzeyden yaklaşık yarım milimetre derinliğinde, çok ince ve keskin olarak çalışılmıştır.Ion başlığına ait bir volüt, sütun kaidesi profilleri ve bir yaşam çiçeği motifiniiçeren çizimler yaklaşık 1,60 m2’lik bir alanı kaplamaktadır. Çizimde, eksik olan kısmıtamamlandığında, volüt gözünün merkezinden geçen yatay bir eksen vardır. Bu eksenidik açıyla kesen, biri yine volüt gözünden, diğeri ise volütün en geniş yerinden geçen,birbirine paralel iki eksen daha mevcuttur. Son iki eksen, aynı zamanda sütun kaidesiprofillerine ait çizimleri sınırlamaktadır. Muhtemelen önceden hazırlanmış olan bueksenler, gerçek çizimlerin yapılmasını kolaylaştırmak amacına hizmet etmiş olmalıdır.Çizimlerin, tiyatronun sahne binasının yapımında çalışan taş ustaları tarafından yapıldığıdüşünülebilir.Böylece Side’de ilk kez, Roma mimarisinin teorileri antik bir çizimle ilişkilendirilebilir;Antik Çağ’da Side’deki tasarım, üretim ve yapım arasındaki ilişkilere ışıktutabilir. Çizimleri barındıran mermer bloğun bir kaç farklı kullanım izine sahip olmasıise, tiyatronun sahne binasının yapım sürecine ilişkin bilgiler verebilir.Öğe Spatial Continuum in History: Pier Buildings on the Bosphorus and Golden Horn, Istanbul(MDPI, 2024) Yasar, Dilek; Heinz, Gamze KaymakPier buildings along the coastline of Istanbul City, an ancient city surrounded by the sea on three sides, serve not only as vital transportation nodes but also as hubs for cultural and social life. As an embodiment of their respective topography and culture with distinctive characteristics in terms of location and architecture, the historical pier buildings are incorporated into the social, cultural, and historical fabric of the city. It is important to protect and preserve these buildings and develop sustainable tourism policies for sustainable cultural heritage management. Accordingly, the present study investigated 36 pier buildings in Istanbul using a comprehensive map analysis and on-site discovery. The study results suggested that these buildings preserved their authentic identities and spatial continuum, despite several renovations over time. Today, some of the pier buildings in Istanbul have additional functions, including serving as cafes, libraries, and sightseeing spots along with their transportation functions, contributing to the reinforcement of social interaction and social ties. The study results helped suggest key inferences on how these buildings should be preserved and carried into the future in the scope of urban planning.
