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Öğe Uremic pruritus and associated factors in chronic hemodialysis patients: past and current experience(Asoc Regional Dialisis Trasplantes Renales, 2024) Comert, Enes; Yesilova, Aylia; Kocak, Gulay; Celik, Ahmet Vedat; Yavuz, Hakan; Erdogan, NerminIntroduction: Uremic pruritus (UP) is a prevalent but overlooked problem in chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of UP in chronic dialysis patients and its correlation with demographic, clinical, and biochemical parameters. Methods: The study included all patients >18 years of age who had undergone hemodialysis three days a week for at least six months and agreed to participate. Pregnant women and patients with a history of steroid use, malignancy, chronic liver or biliary tract disease, and dermatological disease were excluded from the study. Pruritus severity was evaluated using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and the 5-D Itch Scale. Results: Of 1093 patients, 582 (53.25%) were male, and 511 (46.75%) were female, with a mean age of 62.39 +/- 14.27 years. The results showed that 224 (20.5%) patients had UP, with a strong positive correlation between VAS and the 5-D Itch Scale in the pruritus group (r=0.883, p=0.0001). C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were significantly increased, and Kt/V and urea reduction rate (URR) levels significantly decreased in UP patients. In addition, we showed that hypertension, high CRP, and low URR were risk factors affecting UP (p: 0.037, p: 0.048, and p: 0.011, respectively). Grouping patients by pruritus severity as mild, moderate, and severe revealed no significant difference between the groups, except for the significantly lower mean age in the severe pruritus group (p=0.003). Conclusions: The correlation between UP and CRP supported the immune hypothesis in the pathogenesis of UP. Moreover, increasing the dialysis dose may be beneficial in mitigating UP symptoms, even in patients with normal Kt/V and URR levels.Öğe The therapeutic role of Aronia melanocarpa on cyclophosphamide-induced premature ovarian failure(Marmara Univ, Fac Pharmacy, 2024) Celik, Huemeyra; Kara, Sinem; Bozat, Bihter Gokce; Uluc, Firdevs; Cetinkaya, Ayhan; Firat, TulinThe purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of Aronia melanocarpa (A. melanocarpa) extract on ovarian cell apoptosis, vascularization, and follicle reserve in the premature ovarian failure (POF) induced by cyclophosphamide (CYC). After creating a premature ovarian failure model with 100 mg/kg CYC, A. melanocarpa was given to Wistar albino female rats by gavage 15 times every other day (200 mg/kg).Vaginal smears were taken to evaluate the estrus cycles before, during and at the end of the experiment. Histological ovarian follicle count was performed by examining the ovaries with Hematoxylin&Eosin staining. Immunohistochemical evaluation of apoptosis markers of caspase-3 (cas-3), caspase-9 (cas-9) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was performed. A. melanocarpa reregulated the estrus cycles in a similar way to the controls by reducing cas-3 and cas-9 in ovarian cells and increasing the number of ovarian cells. While CYC disrupted ovarian vascularization, A. melanocarpa contributed to ovarian reserve by increasing VEGF immunopositivity. In chemotherapy-induced POF, A. melanocarpa extract increases ovarian reserve by providing vascularization, decreasing apoptosis and providing cycle control in female rats.Öğe THE INFLUENCE OF SPORTS HOTEL EMPLOYEES'POLITICAL SKILL ON ROLE STRESS: THE MODERATING ROLE OF SELF-EFFICACY(Revista Iberoamericana Psicologia Ejercicio & Deporte, 2024) Ongel, Gokten; Taskiran, Erkan; Celik, Guelsah GencerPolitical skill is one of the most important personal resources that employees have. The presence of political skill can cause employees to manage situations such as conflict, ambiguity and overload caused by their roles more effectively. In addition, depending on whether self-efficacy is high or low, the strength of the influence between the relevant variables may increase or decrease. In this context, the study's main purpose is to investigate the moderating role of self-efficacy in the effect of political skill on employees' role stress. The study population of the study consists of those working in sports tourism hotels. The data obtained from 308 sports tourism hotel employees were analyzed with the help of SPSS and Smart PLS programs. According to the findings, it was determined that political skill did not significantly negatively affect role stress and its sub-dimensions, such as role conflict, role overload and role ambiguity. However, when the analysis was made on the moderating role variable, it was revealed that self-efficacy had a moderating role in the effect of political skill on role conflict and role overload among the sub-dimensions of role stress. The findings were discussed in the last part of the study, and suggestions for future research were presented.Öğe Trans/national Acts of Solidarity During the 2021 Bogazici University Protests: On Twitter and Beyond(Ijopec Publisher, 2021) Kasimoglu, Merve Ozenc; Meciar, Marcel[No abstract available]Öğe Synthesis, Characterization, and Thermal Pyrolysis Mechanism of Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Resin-Containing Phenylboronic Acid(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2024) Aras, Sefa; Cavusoglu, Ferda Civan; Unlu, DeryaIn the present study, a resin is synthesized from resorcinol and formaldehyde in the presence of phenylboronic acid. Properties of resins such as free formaldehyde content, total solid content, density, gelation time, viscosity are determined. The chemical structure of the resorcinol-formaldehyde resin and the resorcinol-formaldehyde resin containing phenylboronic acid is confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal stability and curing behaviors of the polymers are investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry, respectively. Modification of the resorcinol-formaldehyde resin with a boron source, phenylboronic acid results in a certain increase in thermal stability with a higher residual weight. The 6% PBA loaded polymer has the highest thermal efficiency, so the thermal behavior of it is investigated by curing at different temperatures. The 80 degrees C/4 h curing method is the most reasonable for energy savings. In differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, a 6 wt% PBA loading ratio was determined as the optimum value according to the energy requirements. In this study, a resin is synthesized from resorcinol and formaldehyde in the presence of phenylboronic acid. The 80 degrees C/4 h curing method is the most reasonable for energy savings. While the char residue yield of pure RR resin was 47.9%, the char residue yield of RRB6 resin increased to 54.9%.image (c) 2024 WILEY-VCH GmbHÖğe Asymptomatic isolated aortic arch dissection: A peculiar case(Kuwait Medical Assoc, 2024) Cuglan, Bilal; Kyaruzi, Mugisha; Gungen, Belma DoganWe hereby represent a case of a chronic aortic arch dissection in a 69 -year -old male who was diagnosed incidentally during cranial computed tomography (CT) angiography scan screening due to transient ischemic attack. Due to asymptomatic nature, size and a follow up period of one and six months with no noticeable changes, we recommended medical follow up of every six months with thorax CT angiography scan.Öğe Fabrication and Characterization of Amphotericin B Loaded Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)/Chitosan-ZnO Biocomposite Films for Antimicrobial Wound Dressings(Wiley, 2025) Tosyali, Ozlem Ayse; Sahin, Furkan; Cetin, Yuksel; Karal-Yilmaz, OksanDeveloping efficient hydrogel-based wound dressings has gained increasing attention in improved wound healing capabilities. In this study, the biocomposite hydrogel films consisting of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), chitosan (CS), and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were prepared using the solvent casting method. The biocomposite hydrogel films were also loaded (5% w/w) with Amphotericin B (AmB) as a model drug to develop a new suitable material with potential application as high-performance wound dressing with controlled drug release. The chemical nature, thermal properties, and morphology of the PVA/CS and PVA/CS-ZnO biocomposite hydrogels were analyzed and compared by FTIR, TGA, and SEM-EDX analysis. The effect of ZnO NPs on swelling behavior in the PVA/CS films was studied. PVA/CS-ZnO biocomposite hydrogels presented a lesser degree of swelling compared to ZnO-free hydrogels. The AmB-loaded hydrogel films exhibited a sustained release rate during 72 h in PBS at pH 7.4. Biocompatibility of all hydrogel types (with or without ZnO and AmB) using L929 and HaCaT cell lines was evaluated with high cell viability examined by MTT assay. The antimicrobial activity of the films was evaluated against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans using a modified AATCC 100 method, whereby the R value represents the log reduction in the number of surviving colonies. The mean R values for drug-free PVA/CS-ZnO hydrogel films were 6.81 for E. coli, 6.03 for S. aureus, and 6.82 for C. albicans. The addition of AmB further enhanced the antimicrobial activity, increasing the R values for E. coli to 7.16, for S. aureus to 6.38, and for C. albicans to 7.31, demonstrating a significant synergistic effect with maximum antimicrobial efficacy. The results showed that the AmB-loaded biocomposite hydrogel films (PVA/CS-ZnO-AmB) can be used as a new wound dressing material.Öğe Dual Quaternion Matrices and MATLAB Applications(Prairie View A & M Univ, Dept Mathematics, 2024) Nalbant, Kemal Gokhan; Yuce, SalimThere are many studies in the literature on real quaternions and real quaternion matrices. There are few studies in the literature on dual quaternions. Definitions of the matrices of dual quaternions used in this study will be given. The originality of our research, the set of dual quaternion matrix we studied, will be defined for the first time in this study, and its properties will be given. Moreover, this study is critical because it is an applied study related to dual quaternion matrices. It will be easier to solve examples with large matrix sizes with MATLAB. People who use different programs can also write applications inspired by them. In this work, the set of dual quaternion matrices is examined. Among the dual quaternion matrices, additional features such as addition, multiplication, inverse, transpose, conjugate, power, and trace are explored. In addition, real matrix representations of dual quaternion matrices and their characteristics were developed. These were utilized to determine the dual quaternion matrices' determinants and inverses. In addition, many types of determinants and inverses of dual quaternion matrices were created, and MATLAB applications were developed to facilitate the solution of cases utilizing these techniques. Finally, the results and methodologies were compared to the actual quaternion matrix characteristics.Öğe The Paradox of Between Women's Cooperatives and Cooperative Principles in Turkey(Ankara Haci Bayram Veli Univ, 2024) Adar, Asli S. A. H. A. N. K. A. Y. A.; Dedeoglu, Saniye; Kurtulus, GunesThe purpose of this study is to determine whether the activities of women's cooperatives in Turkey are based on cooperative principles. The main aim of such an examination is to discuss the impact of cooperative principles on the success of the women's cooperative movement. To this end, firstly, the principles of cooperativism and what these principles mean have been discussed, and a general evaluation has been made of women's cooperatives in Turkey. Subsequently, the methodology of the study and the sample profile are explained, and the findings are presented. In-depth interviews were conducted with 70 women members/employees from 20 women's cooperatives engaged in entrepreneurship, production, and operation, using the qualitative research method of semi-structured interview. While the cooperatives in Turkey are seen to fully fulfill their responsibilities towards the community, education and training, and information dissemination, it has been observed that the principles of democratic control, autonomy, and members' economic participation are not fully understood or applied by the members. The deficiencies of women's cooperatives in Turkey in terms of implementing the principles of cooperatives weaken the positive effects of cooperatives on women's empowerment and cause women to continue their dependence in terms of participation in economic and decision-making processes.Öğe Optimal selection and scaling of ground motion records compatible with input energy and acceleration spectra(Wiley, 2024) Hasanoglu, Serkan; Gullu, Ahmet; Dindar, Ahmet Anil; Muderrisoglu, Ziya; Ozkaynak, Hasan; Bozer, AliNonlinear response history analysis is the primary tool for risk-targeted design and seismic performance evaluation of structures. These analyses require the selection of a set of ground motions that satisfy predetermined conditions such as spectral acceleration. Numerous efforts have been made so far to obtain ground motion records which are expected to represent possible earthquakes. Even though spectral acceleration-based ground motion scaling is a common procedure, recent studies showed that structural response can be better represented through the energy content of the records. To this end, this study aims to develop an energy and acceleration spectra-compatible record selection and scaling methodology to achieve higher efficiency and lower bias in the predicted structural response. The efficiency of the proposed method is evaluated through the standard deviations of the computed story drifts of benchmark structures resulting from the records processed by either the proposed or commonly used methods. The results demonstrated that considering input energy together with spectral acceleration for the selection and scaling of the records can considerably reduce the bias in structural response, especially for structures located on stiff soils.Öğe Identification of hCA I, hCA II, AChE and BChE Inhibitory Properties of Some Norcantharimide Derivatives; Molecular Docking, SAR and in silico ADME Studies(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2024) Kose, Leyla Polat; Kose, Aytekin(3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-2-Alkyl/aryl-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-4,7-epoxyisoindole-1,3(2H)-diones, which are norcantharimide derivatives, were synthesized and their effects on carbonic anhydrase I (hCA I) and II (hCA II), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activity were investigated. For enzyme activity studies, hCA I and II isoenzymes purified from human erythrocytes and the commercially available enzymes AChE and BChE, which are both markers and significantly affect the known symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, were used. The two derivatives exerted efficient inhibition with IC50=4.530 nM (Ki=4.483) and 4.426 nM (Ki=4.696) against hCA I and with IC50=3.825 nM (Ki=3.854) and 3.457 nM (Ki=3.292) against hCA II, respectively. The another two derivatives exerted considerable inhibition with IC50=0.526 nM (Ki=0.224) and 0.575 nM (Ki=0.292) against AChE and with IC50=0.135 nM (Ki=0.057) and IC50=0.180 nM (Ki=0.070) against BChE, respectively. The compounds showed activity at the nanomolar level. These remarkable inhibition results were compared with those of standard inhibitors (acetazolamide for hCA I and II and tacrine for AChE and BChE) of each enzyme, reported, and graphed. In addition, molecular docking studies were carried out by in silico methods and the structure-activity relationship was discussed. The poses of compound 4 c are presented along with the ligand-receptor interaction against all metabolic enzymes. Inhibition activity studies of some norcantharimide derivatives were carried out on hCA I and II, AChE, and BChE enzymes. It was found that the inhibition results had values that were similar to the standards. In addition, molecular docking studies of the N-Ph-norcantharimide derivative were carried out and the structure-activity relationship was elucidated. imageÖğe Solvability of a Hadamard fractional boundary value problem with multi-term integral and Hadamard fractional derivative boundary conditions(Wiley, 2024) Cerdik, Tugba SenlikIn the present paper, we construct the existence of nontrivial solutions to a new kind of Hadamard fractional boundary value problem on an unbounded domain. With the contribution of some fixed point theorems in cone and the corresponding Green function, we ensure sufficient conditions for the Hadamard fractional boundary value problem. Also, the paper concludes with two examples to demonstrate our results.Öğe Away from home and excluded from local solidarity networks: Undocumented Afghan migrant men in Istanbul(Wiley, 2024) Bozok, Mehmet; Bozok, NihanThe paper presents a study on the solidarity networks of undocumented Afghan male migrants in Istanbul. The research was conducted between August 2015 and June 2020 in the migrant districts of Beykoz, Zeytinburnu and Fatih. The study found that Afghan migrants are excluded from existing local solidarity networks and instead form their own networks as a survival strategy. The study posits that there are three primary solidarity networks knitted by locals, which are 'family', 'hometown' and 'neighbourhood'. We argue that the foundation of the solidarity networks among the locals is their shared language(s), mutual recognition, shared socio-historical background and unofficial trust, making it difficult for newcomers to become a part of this solidarity. Afghan migrants are unable to access these networks, which aggravates their social exclusion. They use their social exclusion as a survival strategy and continue with their migration aspirations.Öğe Similarity and consimilarity of hyper-dual generalized quaternions(Wiley, 2025) Alagoz, Yasemin; Ozyurt, GozdeThe aim of this paper is to investigate similarity and consimilarity of hyper-dual generalized quaternions and their matrices. For this purpose, we give different conjugates according to the generalized quaternionic units i,j,k. We present i-consimilarity of hyper-dual generalized quaternions and their matrices except hyper-dual (1)/(4)-quaternions. For the generalization consisting of hyper-dual coefficients quaternion and split quaternion, we search j-consimilarity and k-consimilarity with the help of j-conjugate and k-conjugate. We also give i,j,k-coneigenvalues and i,j,k-coneigenvectors of the matrices of these generalizations. In addition, we examine right coneigenvalue problem in generalized quaternion matrices for real and split quaternions. The complex matrix representation obtained through the complex adjoint matrix representation of this generalization is introduced, and its properties are presented. Besides, we give algebraic methods for the concept of right coneigenvalues and coneigenvectors for matrices, which are the generalization of real quaternion and split quaternion.Öğe Nanostructured Surfaces with Plasmonic Activity and Superhydrophobicity: Review of Fabrication Strategies and Applications(Wiley-V C H Verlag Gmbh, 2025) Ruzi, Mahmut; Celik, Nusret; Sahin, Furkan; Sakir, Menekse; Onses, M. SerdarPlasmonics and superhydrophobicity have garnered broad interest from academics and industry alike, spanning fundamental scientific inquiry and practical technological applications. Plasmonic activity and superhydrophobicity rely heavily on nanostructured surfaces, providing opportunities for their mutually beneficial integration. Engineering surfaces at microscopic and nanoscopic length scales is necessary to achieve superhydrophobicity and plasmonic activity. However, the dissimilar surface energies of materials commonly used in fabricating plasmonic and superhydrophobic surfaces and different length scales pose various challenges to harnessing their properties in synergy. In this review, an overview of various techniques and materials that researchers have developed over the years to overcome this challenge is provided. The underlying mechanisms of both plasmonics and superhydrophobicity are first overviewed. Next, a general classification scheme is introduced for strategies to achieve plasmonic and superhydrophobic properties. Following that, applications of multifunctional plasmonic and superhydrophobic surfaces are presented. Lastly, a future perspective is presented, highlighting shortcomings, and opportunities for new directions.Öğe Analyzing the Industry 5. Adoption Barriers in the Pharmaceutical Sector Using an Integrated Fuzzy MCDM Methodology: A Case Study Application for Turkey(Springer International Publishing Ag, 2024) Maden, AycaIndustry 5.0, emerging as a response to the mechanistic approach of Industry 4.0, seeks to integrate human-centric perspectives with advanced technologies to address global challenges. This transformative concept is reshaping sectors like pharmaceuticals, introducing novel manufacturing paradigms to meet evolving consumer demands. However, the pharmaceutical industry faces adoption barriers hindering its transition to Industry 5.0. This study analyses these barriers within the Turkish pharmaceutical sector using an integrated MCDM methodology. As a result of evaluations obtained from decision-makers, the use of fuzzy numbers was deemed necessary in this study. A key focus of this study involves applying the Fuzzy DEMATEL method to ascertain the significance of critical Industry 5.0 barriers. Additionally, the research expands its analysis by employing the EDAS method to prioritize the functions within a specific company. The EDAS method yielded the following ranking for the functions of the company: manufacturing, regulatory affairs, research and development, quality control and assurance, and sales and marketing. This research contributes to advancing Industry 5.0 implementation strategies, fostering innovation, and enhancing competitiveness within the pharmaceutical sector.Öğe Oral microbial dysbiosis in patients with oral cavity cancers(Springer Heidelberg, 2024) Unlu, Ozge; Demirci, Mehmet; Paksoy, Tugce; Eden, Arzu Baygul; Tansuker, Hasan Deniz; Dalmizrak, Aysegul; Aktan, CagdasObjectives The pathogenesis of oral cavity cancers is complex. We tested the hypothesis that oral microbiota dysbiosis is associated with oral cavity cancer. Materials and methods Patients with primary oral cavity cancer who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study. Matching healthy individuals were recruited as controls. Data on socio-demographic and behavioral factors, self-reported periodontal measures and habits, and current dental status were collected using a structured questionnaire and periodontal chartings. In addition to self-reported oral health measures, each participant received a standard and detailed clinical examination. DNA was extracted from saliva samples from patients and healthy controls. Next-generation sequencing was performed by targeting V3-V4 gene regions of the 16 S rRNA with subsequent bioinformatic analyses. Results Patients with oral cavity cancers had a lower quality of oral health than healthy controls. Proteobacteria, Aggregatibacter, Haemophilus, and Neisseria decreased, while Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Lactobacillus, Gemella, and Fusobacteria increased in oral cancer patients. At the species level, C. durum, L. umeaens, N. subflava, A. massiliensis, and V. dispar were significantly lower, while G. haemolysans was significantly increased (p < 0.05). Major periodontopathogens associated with periodontal disease (P. gingivalis and F.nucleatum) increased 6.5- and 2.8-fold, respectively. Conclusion These data suggested that patients with oral cancer had worse oral health conditions and a distinct oral microbiome composition that is affected by personal daily habits and may be associated with the pathogenicity of the disease and interspecies interactions. Clinical relevance This paper demonstrates the link between oral bacteria and oral cancers, identifying mechanistic interactions between species of oral microbiome.Öğe Frequency curves of high and low flows in intermittent river basins for hydrological analysis and hydraulic design(Springer, 2024) Sarigil, Gokhan; Aksoy, Hafzullah; Cavus, Yonca; Eris, EbruUpper and lower percentiles of Flow Duration Curves (FDCs) of daily streamflow data were investigated to develop frequency curves. Upper percentiles with exceedance probability of 1, 5 and 10% (Q1, Q5, Q10) were used for high flows, and lower percentiles with non-exceedance probability of 10, 5 and 1% (Q90, Q95, Q99) for low flows. Median value (Q50) was covered to represent the average conditions of streamflow. A mixed frequency analysis based on the total probability theorem taking zero values into account was applied for the lower percentiles of FDC. Case studies were performed for three intermittent Streamflow Gauging Stations (SGSs) from Kucuk Menderes River Basin in western Turkey. An overall assessment of results shows that the best-fit probability distribution function does not change from one SGS to another considerably for low flows while each SGS has its own probability distribution function for high flows. Upper and lower percentiles, and median value were calculated at various return periods by using the identified probability distribution functions. The calculated values were plotted in the form of frequency curves of high flow percentiles and low flow percentiles. The frequency curves have a practically significant potential use in hydrological analysis, water resources management and hydraulic design under high and low flow conditions. They are yet open to further development for regionalization and their applicability can be extended to ungauged sites in river basins.Öğe Prioritizing freight carrier selection factors with the best worst method(Springer, 2024) Yalcin, Selin; Ayyildiz, ErtugrulEfficient freight carrier selection is pivotal to modern logistics and supply chain management, demanding a systematic approach to navigate the complexity of factors such as cost, reliability, sustainability, and collaboration. This study aims to prioritize these factors using the Best Worst Method (BWM), offering a novel framework for enhancing decision-making precision in carrier selection. Drawing insights from literature, industry expertise, and stakeholder perspectives, a criteria set is identified. Utilizing the BWM, we established a structured evaluative framework where expert judgments and pairwise comparisons helped identify the best and worst criteria for each factor, assigning appropriate priority weights. Cost emerged as the most important criterion, highlighting its significance in the decision-making process. The results show that cost, reliability, and safety are the top priorities for freight carrier selection, with sustainability and collaboration being less critical but still significant. This study has profound implications for logistics practitioners, supply chain managers, and decision architects engaged in carrier selection processes. Moreover, the study enriches the theoretical understanding of carrier selection within a multifaceted criteria context. This study offers a novel framework that elevates decision-making precision in carrier selection.Öğe Critical droughts extracted from dry periods(Springer, 2024) Cavus, Yonca; Aksoy, HafzullahDifferently from common definitions, we distinguish droughts from dry periods in this study. From the dry periods, we extract subperiods of various durations changing from one month to the dry period length. Each subperiod is called a drought, and the most severe drought (with maximum severity or intensity) of each duration is defined critical drought. These newly defined concepts of this study were tested based on the 12-month timescale standardized precipitation index calculated from monthly precipitation data of two meteorological stations in Seyhan River Basin, Turkey. Frequency analysis was applied on the critical drought intensity for each drought duration separately. Results showed that statistical characteristics (duration, severity, intensity and frequency) of dry periods and critical droughts were different from each other. Critical droughts were more intense than the dry periods and their intensity increased as their duration decreased. The Generalized Extreme Value was confirmed as the best-fit probability distribution function of the critical drought intensity in majority. By extracting droughts from the dry periods instead of taking a dry period as one single drought, high number of short and intense critical droughts were deciphered that are masked otherwise within dry periods. These frequent droughts may have higher negative impact on water-dependent economic sectors and society if their timing of occurrence coincides with the season when the water demand is peaking. Therefore, extraction of critical droughts from dry periods is a substantial achievement of this study as the negative impact of drought is often related to its intensity along with its severity and duration.
