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Öğe Assessment of Plastic Energy Demand Spectra on Frame Systems(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Dindar A.A.; Polat G.; Yalçın C.; Yüksel E.; Özkaynak H.; Büyüköztürk O.Determination of structural resistance to seismic loads is a complex problem. To overcome the complexity, simple but efficient methods have been developed for engineers. In that process for the sake of simplicity and practicality, certain assumptions are made in defining seismic demand. One of the them is energy dissipation by structural members during seismic actions. However, energy dissipation is directly related to damage occurrence and propagation in the member. Calculation of plastic energy to be dissipated by structural member requires definition of energy demand on the structural system. This study aims to assess plastic energy spectrum approach on frame type reinforced concrete structures. Plastic energy demand values on three frame systems representing low- to mid-rise buildings are obtained from plastic energy spectrum and also nonlinear time history analysis (NLTH). Plastic energy spectrum is taken from the previous study of the authors. Comprehensive NLTH analyses on selected frame systems are conducted on the pre-designed systems which consists of concentrated plastic hinges. Moment and rotation response time histories of the structural members are used in calculation of energy dissipation. Comparisons between spectra- and NLTH-based results are made on three systems. For low-rise system, both plastic energy dissipation values are found approximate whereas for mid-rise systems, plastic energy spectrum is found conservative. The numerical examples reveal that plastic energy spectrum is a robust concept for energy-based design methodologies. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Öğe Evaluation of integration techniques used in PsD testing methodology(European Association for Structural Dynamics, 2014) Ozkaynak H.; Güney A.K.; Yüksel E.Pseudo dynamic testing (PsD) methodology is used to simulate earthquake effects on the structures or structural components and it consists of both the analytical and experimental parts with a coupled interaction. The dynamic equilibrium equation is generated and the displacement vector to be applied to the specimen in the next step is calculated by using an appropriate numerical integration technique. The overall success of pseudo dynamic tests not only depends purely on the resolution of the measurement devices but also highly depends on the sensitivity and convergence of the integration techniques used for the solution of the dynamic equation of motion. In this study, the success of the central difference method, operating splitting method (OSM) and ?operating splitting methods (?OSM) are evaluated by means of several PsD simulations performed on a steel single degree of freedom (SDOF) system having three alternative constitutive models. The main parameters are the integration technique, time intervals and constitutive models. The advantages of the techniques are compared in terms of the test duration and convergence capability. In conclusion, for all behavior types CDM and OSM methods can be used with the time interval which is equal or larger than the input earthquake data. This means great saving of time during the PsD test and it increase the overall success of the experiment.