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    Development of radiation hard scintillators
    (Proceedings of Science (PoS), 2016) Tiras E.; Wetzel J.; Bilki B.; Winn D.; Onel Y.
    Modern high-energy physics experiments are in ever increasing need for radiation hard scintillators and detectors. In this regard, we have studied various radiation-hard scintillating materials such as Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), our prototype material Scintillator X (SX) and Eljen (EJ). Scintillation and transmission properties of these scintillators are studied using stimulated emission from a 334 nm wavelength UV laser with PMT before and after certain amount of radiation exposure. Recovery from radiation damage is studied over time. While the primary goal of this study is geared for LHC detector upgrades, these new technologies could easily be used for future experiments such as the FCC and ILC. Here we discuss the physics motivation, recent developments and laboratory measurements of these materials. © Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
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    Secondary Emission Calorimetry
    (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022) Bilki B.; Dilsiz K.; Ogul H.; Onel Y.; Southwick D.; Tiras E.; Wetzel J.
    In high-radiation environments, electromagnetic calorimetry is particularly challenging. To address this, a feasible approach involves constructing a sampling calorimeter that employs radiation-hard active media, albeit at the expense of high energy resolution. In response, we developed an innovative technique, secondary emission calorimetry, which offers radiation resistance, rapid response, robustness, and cost-effectiveness. Our efforts involve the creation of prototype secondary emission sensors, subjected to comprehensive testing within test beams. In the secondary emission detector module, incident charged hadrons or electromagnetic shower particles trigger the generation of secondary emission electrons from a cathode. These generated electrons are subsequently amplified in a manner similar to the process within photomultiplier tubes. This report provides an insight into the principles underlying secondary emission calorimetry, presents findings from beam tests, and outlines Monte Carlo simulations that project towards the potential application of large-scale secondary emission electromagnetic calorimeters. © 2022 IEEE.
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    Tile Multiple-Readout and Beyond for FCC
    (Sissa Medialab Srl, 2021) Bilki B.; Onel Y.; Wetzel J.; Winn D.
    Dual Readout Calorimetry measures scintillation light and Cherenkov light on the same hadron shower to correct the jet energy in order to compensate hadron and jet energy measurements. Dual Readout with parallel plastic scintillator and quartz fibers shows promise, but limitations exist including but not limited to radiation damage of the plastic scintillators and high costs. We present dual readout calorimetry with scintillator and Cherenkov tile readout and beyond to multiple tile readout, with superior energy resolution, and radiation resistant ionization sensors in the form of tiles (inorganic scintillators, Si, LArgon). Monte Carlo (MC) studies were used to design prototype tile dual calorimeters using Fe or Cu absorbers, Cherenkov and plastic scintillator tiles, including an integral Cherenkov-compensated electromagnetic frontend using Pb tiles. The MC studies are extended to other tile types appropriate for dual readout and extend to multiple readout with 3 or more types of tile radiation sensors - sensors with different responses and/or higher contrast to component signals to electromagnetic or hadron showers, neutrons and ions. Sensors include tiles with low refractive indices (aerogel, others), transition radiation “tiles”, secondary emission tiles sensitive to ions and low energy protons, hydrogenous vs non-hydrogenous ionization-sensing tiles, and neutron sensing tiles. Multiple readout improves dual readout by extending to triple or more readout. Of special interest is application of tile dual or multiple tile readout to high granularity particle/energy flow calorimeters, not possible with parallel fibers. © Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)