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    Financial risk management in renewable energy sector: Comparative analysis between the European Union and Turkey
    (Elsevier Science Bv, 2011) Apak, Sudi; Atay, Erhan; Tuncer, Gungor
    Renewable energy is clean sources of energy that have a much lower environmental impact than conventional energy technologies. Renewable energy sector plays a very important role in the strategic energy planning process in any country. Most renewable energy investments are spent on materials and workmanship to build and maintain the facilities, rather than on costly energy imports. In this context, renewable energy provides innovative, cost effective renewable energy risk management and insurance programmes, helping this increasingly competitive industry meet the challenges it faces. At the same time, the speed of change in renewable energy technology requires specialists able to provide expert risk advice and insurance broking services. Meanwhile, focus on the renewable energy sector has never been higher, with governments around the world setting tough targets for the amount of energy provided by renewable sources. The main aim of this paper is to examine the financial risk management instruments that are evolving to meet the needs of the renewable energy sector in both the EU and Turkey. Finally, we provide the research findings according to our objective and discuss their managerial and theoretical implications related to renewable energy investments. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility 7th International Strategic Management Conference
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    New innovative activities in renewable energy technologies and environmental policy: evidence from an EU candidate country
    (Elsevier Science Bv, 2012) Apak, Sudi; Atay, Erhan; Tuncer, Gungor
    Innovative products, services, and business models can benefit the environment by reducing the pressure on natural resources and/or the emission of pollutants. At the same time, environmentally friendly innovation can foster economic development. It is likely that to solve an environmental problem like climate change, which is caused by emissions from virtually all economic sectors, we need innovations that can be of relevance to multiple sectors or the whole economy as well as systemic innovations requiring complementary changes rather than autonomous ones. Our goal in this article is to answer the following research questions: what are the institutional factors that facilitate the diffusion of an international management standard in the area of the renewable energy? The most desirable task of all the economies perhaps is to strive for environmentally sustainable economic growth. In this context, renewable energy will be the mainstream source of the EU's energy supply by 2050. Turkey has great potential in terms of renewable energy sources. However, public and political support is missing. The other unwanted situation is that although Turkey consumes less energy than EU countries, we have a huge population and high economic development. The management of energy demand should be strictly taken into consideration. Regarding the policy effects, the paper examines renewable energy policies of the EU and Turkey as a candidate country. Finally, the paper argues that Turkey has to make renewable energy the mainstream source of its energy system.
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    Renewable hydrogen energy regulations, codes and standards: Challenges faced by an EU candidate country
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2012) Apak, Sudi; Atay, Erhan; Tuncer, Gungor
    The European Union is one of the most important players in the field of world energy with an integrated and well-organized energy market. However, energy policies in the EU are not sustainable. The EU is the world's largest importer of fossil fuels and is leading global action in accelerating the transition to renewable energy and low-carbon economy at present. Renewables make the second-largest contribution to domestic energy production after coal. This paper focuses on the institutional, public policy and business practice aspects in terms of hydrogen energy infrastructure development and the regulations in the context of planning and construction for hydrogen energy infrastructure. In the paper, the current status of these aspects are discussed as well as future directions with a focus on how these experiences can be applied in order to boost industrial innovation in hydrogen technologies and to facilitate its subsequent development. This paper also analyzes the current state of the regulation of the hydrogen energy sector in the EU and its candidate country, Turkey. Although hydrogen offers advantages to society, it has not been perceived by the individual consumer yet. It is clear that hydrogen energy presents neither financial nor technological problems. The barriers to the hydrogen energy are not technical but the mindset, regulatory and political interferences are the source of the problems. Copyright (C) 2012, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    STRATIGRAPHIC FEATURES AND GEOTECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE SOUTH EDGE (NARMAN-OLTU-OLUR) OF EASTERN PONTIDS (NORTHEAST TURKEY)
    (Int Scientific Conference Sgem, 2008) Bozkus, Cevdet; Kerey, Ilyas Erdal; Tuncer, Gungor
    The southern edge of Eastern Pontids is covered by rock units belonging to two distinct continental crusts that reunited through a Late Upper Cretaceous-Eocene suture zone. In the north of the Suture zone (Olur), Paleozoic aged acid magmatits (Permo-Carboniferous) constitute the continental crust basement. On this basement, there is uninterrupted marine sediment which has disconformably developed between Upper-Lias Late Cretaceous. These sediments have deposited under the conditions of Lias-Lower Malm basic volcanic intercalated and fragmented shallow marine, carbonate Upper Malm-Neocomien (Valanjinien), Hotrivien-Kampanien flysh and Meastrihtien shallow marine carbonate facieses. Thus, the deposition period that was dominated by pyroclastics as a result of Kampanien volcanic activity has come into being. At the lowest level of suture zone (Oltu), Santonien-Meastrihtien aged external blocked (olistolithe) tectono-sedimenter mixture take place in the typical flysh facieces. In the south of Suture zone (Narman), ophiolite units take place in the position of tectonic segments that are generally inclined to the north and belonging oceanic crust in the shape of ophiolite mixture. In the north of continental crust where arc volcanism is situated, the fact that the ophiolite rocks, in the south, outcrops of north-inclined tectonic segments and oceanic crust is a proof of a northwards subduction. The volcanic activity that is seen in the pyroclastic type in this field has first started in Kampanien and then in dasitic Turonien type in the relatively north. This displays the fact that the northwards subduction has developed at the beginning of Upper-Cretaceous. These three rock units belonging distinct tectonic environments are generally covered with angular disconformity that are constituted by units of volcanic and Eocene aged shallow marine-continental fragments. Thus, opening in Lias, with the developed oceanic northwards subduction, has been closed before Eocene. At the end of Eocene, in the completely non-marine suture zone and intermountain molas basins, which were limited between the mountain ranges that are stuck between the overlapping post-orogenic ophiolite, Oligocene aged continental fragments have been developed. These units have been covered by Post and Upper Miocene and generally horizontal or almost horizontally situated volcanic and continental sediments. This zone has been under the influence of the tectonic controls of both the Lias-Lower Cretaceous and the beginning of Upper-Cretaceous to recent compression. A control of mutual Upper Cretaceous-Upper Miocene compression and thickening, and another compression control influenced by Upper Miocene to recent compression and thickening activity have been dominant, because curved and overlapping structures of pre-upper Miocene have been covered by almost horizontally situated Late Miocene aged rock units in disconfirmity. In this respect, the beginning of the neotectonic period in this zone has to be in the Upper Miocene.