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Öğe EVALUATION OF ZINC AND COPPER TOXICITY CAUSED BY INGESTION OF TURKISH COINS: AN IN VITRO STUDY(Polish Society Magnesium Research, 2020) Alkan, Fatma Ates; Kilinc, Evren; Gulyasar, Tevfik; Or, Mehmet ErmanCoins are foreign objects that are commonly ingested by children and pets due to their shiny appearance and bright colors. The current study investigated whether Turkish coins can lead to zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) toxicity as a result of exposure to simulated gastric juice (i.e. hydrochloric acid solution simulating the gastric environment). Five groups of coins were exposed to simulated gastric juice (0.15 N, pH:1-2) for a period of 4 (Group 1), 12 (Group 2), 24 (Group 3), 48 (Group 4), 72 (Group 5) and 120 h (Group 5) at body temp. (37 degrees C). Zinc and copper levels were determined in the gastric acid solution by using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometer (ICP-OES). The coins were also evaluated for corrosive damage and weight loss. Group 5 had statistically higher Cu and Zn levels versus the other groups. However, at body temp. (37 degrees C), copper and zinc levels increased steadily in parallel to the duration for which the coin remained in the stomach after ingestion. After 120-hour exposure at 37 degrees C, all coins had various types of damage compared to the baseline, such as color alteration, erosion, and visible surface cavities. The mechanisms relating to local and systemic copper and zinc toxicity caused by coin ingestion is yet to be clarified for both Turkish and international coins. Therefore, it can be foreseen that intervention is required in the first 24 h after ingesting 5 kurus coins and, unless removed spontaneously in 48 h, such intervention is needed for the other coins.Öğe Level of trace elements in serum and toenail samples of patients with onychocryptosis (ingrown toenail) and onychomycosis(Elsevier Gmbh, 2020) Kilinc, Evren; Buturak, Birce; Alkan, Fatma AtesBackground: Onychocryptosis (ingrown toenail) and onychomycosis are common pathologies of the toenail and affecting many people. Since levels of trace elements have been shown to vary in certain diseases, in the presented work, chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) levels of toenail and serum samples of healthy individuals and patients with onychocryptosis and onychomycosis were compared. Methods: Serum and toenail samples of 88 voluntary subjects (healthy n = 24; onychomycosis n = 24; onychocryptosis n = 40) aged between 19-80 years were collected. Levels of trace elements in the samples were analyzed by using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrophotometer (ICP-OES Thermo iCAP-6000). The differences in medians between the groups for elements were evaluated with Kruskal -Wallis H test with post hoc for pairwise comparisons in SPSS 18. Results: Mg (p < 0.001) and Mn (p = 0.002) levels were significantly increased whereas Zn (p = 0.011) level was decreased in toenails of patients with onychomycosis compared to healthy subjects. Although Mg and Mn levels were higher in female subjects with onychomycosis (p = 0.001; p = 0.019), Mn was only increased in male subjects (p = 0.015). Mg was the only trace element found to be independent of sex, age, and smoking status in patients with onychomycosis. However, no significant difference has been found in serum trace element levels neither between any groups nor toenail trace element levels of patients with onychocryptosis and healthy subjects. Conclusion: As a response of the human body to pathogens like fungi in toenails, Mg, Mn and Zn levels vary. Especially the role of Mg ions in onychomycosis needs to be investigated more specifically.