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Öğe Commissioning of CMS Forward Hadron calorimeters with upgraded multi-anode PMTs and ?TCA readout(Proceedings of Science (PoS), 2016) Tiras E.; Bilki B.; Onel Y.The high flux of charged particles interacting with the CMS Forward Hadron Calorimeter PMT windows introduced a significant background for the trigger and offline data analysis. During Long Shutdown 1, all of the original PMTs were replaced with multi-anode, thin window photomultiplier tubes. At the same time, the back-end electronic readout system was upgraded to ?TCA readout. The experience with commissioning and calibration of the Forward Hadron Calorimeter is described as well as the ?TCA system. The upgrade was successful and provided quality data for Run 2 data-analysis at 13 TeV. © Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).Öğe Construction and Testing of Novel Designs of Resistive Plate Chambers(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2018) Bilki B.; Onel Y.; Repond J.; Xia L.Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) exhibit a significant loss of efficiency for the detection of particles, when subjected to high particle fluxes. This rate limitation is related to the usually high resistivity of the resistive plates used in their construction. Here we report on the measurements of the performance of various different glass RPC designs featuring a different total resistance of the resistive plates.In parallel, a novel design of RPC, using only a single resistive plate, was developed and tested. Based on this design, large size prototype chambers were constructed and were tested with cosmic rays and in particle beams. The tests confirmed the viability of this new approach. © 2018 IEEE.Öğe The Development of an Argon Light Source for Calibration and Quality Control of Liquid Argon Light Detectors(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022) Tosun M.; Bilki B.; Sahbaz K.K.Future large-scale neutrino and dark matter experiments will mostly use liquid argon detectors. Since liquid argon is a very effective scintillator, light sensing systems are included in these experiments. The wavelength of liquid argon scintillation is 127 nm. For this reason special light detectors based on wavelength shifters have been produced to measure this wavelength, and recently photodetectors sensitive to deeper UV. Nonetheless, the effective calibration and quality assurance of these recently developed detectors remain an ongoing challenge. In response to this requirement, we have created an argon-based light source that relies on plasma generation and light transmission via an MgF2 window. This light source is designed to be compact, portable, and user-friendly, allowing for the practical evaluation of the performance attributes of light detectors of several square meters in size. In this report, we detail the progression of the light source's development and outline its performance attributes. © 2022 IEEE.Öğe Development of radiation hard scintillators(Proceedings of Science (PoS), 2016) Tiras E.; Wetzel J.; Bilki B.; Winn D.; Onel Y.Modern high-energy physics experiments are in ever increasing need for radiation hard scintillators and detectors. In this regard, we have studied various radiation-hard scintillating materials such as Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), our prototype material Scintillator X (SX) and Eljen (EJ). Scintillation and transmission properties of these scintillators are studied using stimulated emission from a 334 nm wavelength UV laser with PMT before and after certain amount of radiation exposure. Recovery from radiation damage is studied over time. While the primary goal of this study is geared for LHC detector upgrades, these new technologies could easily be used for future experiments such as the FCC and ILC. Here we discuss the physics motivation, recent developments and laboratory measurements of these materials. © Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).Öğe Digital Hadron Calorimetry(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Bilki B.; Guler Y.; Onel Y.; Repond J.; Xia L.; On behalf of the CALICE CollaborationCalorimeters that can fully exploit the power of Particle Flow Algorithms, which attempt to measure each particle in a hadronic jet individually, emphasize spatial granularity over single particle energy resolution. In this context, the CALICE collaboration developed the Digital Hadron Calorimeter. The Digital Hadron Calorimeter uses Resistive Plate Chambers as active media and is read out with 1 x 1 cm2 pads and digital (1-bit) resolution. The Digital Hadron Calorimeter went through a broad beam test program over several years to yield a unique dataset of electromagnetic and hadronic interactions with unprecedented spatial resolution. In addition to conventional calorimetry, the Digital Hadron Calorimeter offers detailed measurements of event shapes, rigorous tests of simulation models and various analytical tools to improve calorimetric performance. Here we report on the results from the analysis of DHCAL data and comparisons with the Monte Carlo simulations across various test campaigns. © 2021 IEEE.Öğe Hadron Calorimetry With Extremely Fine Spatial Segmentation(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022) Bilki B.; Onel Y.; Repond J.; Xia L.Particle Flow Algorithms attempt to measure each particle in a hadronic jet individually, where the major task for the hadron calorimeters is to measure the neutral hadrons. The calorimeters that can fully exploit the power of Particle Flow Algorithms emphasize spatial granularity over single particle energy resolution. In this context, the CALICE collaboration developed the Digital Hadron Calorimeter (DHCAL). The active media of the DHCAL are the Resistive Plate Chambers which are read out with 1 x 1 cm2 pads with 1-bit (digital) resolution. The DHCAL went through a broad beam test program over several years to yield a unique dataset of electromagnetic and hadronic interactions with unprecedented spatial resolution. In addition to conventional calorimetry, the DHCAL offers detailed measurements of event shapes, rigorous tests of simulation models and various analytical tools to improve calorimetric performance. The simulation of the DHCAL response is also a particularly challenging task. Here we report on the results from the analysis of DHCAL data and recent advances on the simulations, and discuss the near future plans including further tests of the hadronic interaction models. © 2022 IEEE.Öğe Investigation of LED Stimulated Recovery of Radiation Damage in Optical Materials(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Sahbaz K.K.; Bilki B.; Dapo H.; Karslioglu G.; Kaya C.; Kaya M.; Tosun M.The radiation damage in the optical active media of collider detectors and beamline instrumentation is an outstanding problem. The exposed doses reach unprecedented levels in some current and projected implementations. In order to mitigate this, the development of optical materials with higher radiation resistance is underway. On the other hand, there is a significant lack of in-situ radiation damage recovery systems, whereas such systems have the potential to increase the useful lifetime of the optical materials considerably. Although it is well-known that stimulating the recovery of radiation damage with LED illumination significantly improves the recovery rate and the ultimate damage, a systematic study of the recovery e.g. as a function of the incident LED light spectra, intensity and exposure duration has not been performed. Here we attempt to do this study and present our first results of recovery from radiation damage under different recovery conditions. © 2021 IEEE.Öğe Measuring the Scintillation Decay Constant of Pen and PET with 120 GeV Proton Beam Excitation(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020) Wetzel J.W.; Tiras E.; Bilki B.; Koseyan O.; Bostan N.; Onel Y.We report the scintillation decay constants of polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) determined by excitation of the plastic substrate with an accelerated beam of protons and resulting light yield measured as a function of time with a photomultiplier attached to an oscilloscope. The decay constant of PEN was found to be 35 ns and PET 7 ns. © 2020 IEEEÖğe New Radiation-Hard Scintillators for FCC Detectors(Sissa Medialab Srl, 2021) Onel Y.; Bilki B.Future circular and linear colliders including FCC, as well as the Large Hadron Collider in the High-Luminosity era have been imposing unprecedented challenges on the radiation hardness of particle detectors that will be used for specific purposes e.g. forward calorimeters, beam and luminosity monitors. We performed research on the radiation-hard active media for such detectors, particularly calorimeters, by exploring intrinsically radiation-hard materials and their mixtures. The initial samples that we probed were thin plates of Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN) and Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) and thin sheets of HEM. The previous studies indicate towards promising performance under high radiation conditions. We report on the necessary process of mixing PEN and PET for optimized scintillation and signal timing properties preserving the high radiation resistance. Recently we developed a new plastic scintillator material, tested it in particle beams and obtained promising results. In recent studies, we investigated the radiation damage to plastic scintillators, various special glasses and scintillating fibers together with their recovery mechanisms. Here we report on the development of radiation-hard scintillators and the irradiation studies together with the investigation of the recovery mechanisms. © Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)Öğe Operational Experience with the CMS Hadron Forward Calorimeters Phase i Upgrade(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2018) Bilki B.; Onel Y.; Gülmez E.The Phase I Upgrade of the CMS Hadron Forward Calorimeters was completed during the Extended Year End Technical Stop of 2016 - 2017. In the framework of the upgrade, the front-end electronics were replaced and the PMT boxes were reworked to implement two-channel readout in order to exploit the benefits of the multi-anode PMTs. The new PMTs with two channel readout allow background tagging and signal recovery. In addition, the front-end electronics implement a 6-bit TDC to provide an additional handle to eliminate the background. The Hadron Forward Calorimeters were commissioned and operated successfully in 2017 data taking period. Here we describe the details and the components of the upgrade, and discuss the operational experience with the Phase I Upgrade. © 2018 IEEE.Öğe Performance Measurements of Optical Scintillating Fibers After Repeated Exposure to Radiation(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020) Wetzel J.W.; Tiras E.; Koseyan O.; Bostan N.; Bilki B.; Winn D.R.; Onel Y.We report the preliminary results from repeated irradiations of optical scintillating fibers exposed to gamma radiation. Optical fibers degrade in radiation fields, but exhibit some recovery once removed. Study of repeated irradiations are difficult to find in the literature. We find that a UV-blue optical wavelength shifting fiber exhibits permanent degradation, the recovery is incomplete, and an interesting two step damage process that appears to affect which wavelengths are darkened at different rates. © 2020 IEEEÖğe Radiation Damage and Recovery Mechanisms of Various Scintillators and Fibers(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Wetzel J.W.; Bilki B.; Bostan N.; Koseyan O.K.; Onel Y.; Tiras E.; Winn D.As the intensity frontier in high energy physics increases, new materials, tools, and techniques must be developed in order to accommodate the prolonged exposure of detectors to high amounts of radiation. It has been observed recently that many of the active media of detectors could survive to much lower radiation doses than initially expected. In addition to the challenges introduced by extremely high doses of radiation, there is also a significant lack of in-situ radiation damage recovery systems. In recent studies, we investigated the radiation damage to common plastic scintillators such as polyethylene naphthalate, and polyethylene terephthalate, a custom made elastomer based plastic scintillator, various special glasses and scintillating fibers together with their recovery mechanisms. Here we report on the irradiation studies and the investigation of the recovery mechanisms under various conditions. © 2021 IEEE.Öğe Results from in Situ Monitoring of Radiation Damage of Scintillation Fibers(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020) Wetzel J.W.; Tiras E.; Koseyan O.; Bostan N.; Bilki B.; Winn D.R.; Onel Y.We report preliminary results from in situ monitoring of an optical scintillating fiber while being exposed to a cesium-173 gamma radiatior. We measured the degradation of fiber transmittance across the visible spectrum as a function of time. We observed that the region below 500 nm was degraded quickly and thoroughly while wavelengths above 500 nm lost clarity more slowly. © 2020 IEEEÖğe Secondary Emission Calorimetry(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022) Bilki B.; Dilsiz K.; Ogul H.; Onel Y.; Southwick D.; Tiras E.; Wetzel J.In high-radiation environments, electromagnetic calorimetry is particularly challenging. To address this, a feasible approach involves constructing a sampling calorimeter that employs radiation-hard active media, albeit at the expense of high energy resolution. In response, we developed an innovative technique, secondary emission calorimetry, which offers radiation resistance, rapid response, robustness, and cost-effectiveness. Our efforts involve the creation of prototype secondary emission sensors, subjected to comprehensive testing within test beams. In the secondary emission detector module, incident charged hadrons or electromagnetic shower particles trigger the generation of secondary emission electrons from a cathode. These generated electrons are subsequently amplified in a manner similar to the process within photomultiplier tubes. This report provides an insight into the principles underlying secondary emission calorimetry, presents findings from beam tests, and outlines Monte Carlo simulations that project towards the potential application of large-scale secondary emission electromagnetic calorimeters. © 2022 IEEE.Öğe Systematic Investigation of LED Stimulated Recovery From Radiation-Induced Damage in Optical Materials(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022) Sahbaz K.K.; Bilki B.; Dapo H.; Karslioglu I.G.; Kaya C.; Kaya M.; Tosun M.The optical materials including scintillators, glasses and crystals are commonly used as active or support media in collider detectors and in beam-lines of various scientific facilities. When subjected to high levels of radiation, the optical materials exhibit loss of transmittance which degrades their overall performance. If the radiation exposure is stopped, the optical materials can gradually recover from radiation damage. The recovery can also be accelerated by LED stimulation, which provides a potential option for in-situ recovery systems from radiation damage in large-scale detector systems. On the other hand, a systematic study of the recovery from radiation damage as a function of the LED stimulation parameters has not been conducted to date. In order to respond to this need, we irradiated soda lime glass samples to 3.5 kGy and 7.0 kGy total doses and inspected their recovery from radiation damage under different LED stimulation conditions for an extended period. Here we report on the irradiation and recovery setups in detail and report on the dynamic recovery from radiation damage for various LED stimulation scenarios. © 2022 IEEE.Öğe Tile Multiple-Readout and Beyond for FCC(Sissa Medialab Srl, 2021) Bilki B.; Onel Y.; Wetzel J.; Winn D.Dual Readout Calorimetry measures scintillation light and Cherenkov light on the same hadron shower to correct the jet energy in order to compensate hadron and jet energy measurements. Dual Readout with parallel plastic scintillator and quartz fibers shows promise, but limitations exist including but not limited to radiation damage of the plastic scintillators and high costs. We present dual readout calorimetry with scintillator and Cherenkov tile readout and beyond to multiple tile readout, with superior energy resolution, and radiation resistant ionization sensors in the form of tiles (inorganic scintillators, Si, LArgon). Monte Carlo (MC) studies were used to design prototype tile dual calorimeters using Fe or Cu absorbers, Cherenkov and plastic scintillator tiles, including an integral Cherenkov-compensated electromagnetic frontend using Pb tiles. The MC studies are extended to other tile types appropriate for dual readout and extend to multiple readout with 3 or more types of tile radiation sensors - sensors with different responses and/or higher contrast to component signals to electromagnetic or hadron showers, neutrons and ions. Sensors include tiles with low refractive indices (aerogel, others), transition radiation “tiles”, secondary emission tiles sensitive to ions and low energy protons, hydrogenous vs non-hydrogenous ionization-sensing tiles, and neutron sensing tiles. Multiple readout improves dual readout by extending to triple or more readout. Of special interest is application of tile dual or multiple tile readout to high granularity particle/energy flow calorimeters, not possible with parallel fibers. © Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
