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Öğe An artificial neural network-based model for short-term predictions of daily mean pmio concentrations(2010) Demir G.; Ozdemir H.; Ozcan H.K.; Ucanc O.N.; Bayat C.Prediction of particulate matter (PM) in the air is an important issue in control and reduction of pollutants in the air. One of the most useful methods to forecast atmospheric pollution is artificial neural network (ANN) because of its high ability to forecast the atmospheric events. In this study ANN technique has been used to predict the PMIO concentration in Istanbul. Meteorological data and PMIO data, which had been collected from Sariyer-Bahcekoy for the one year data, were used. The data were separated into two groups for training and testing the model. The odd days were used for training and the remaining was used for the testing. The transfer function was sigmoid function. In the model, different hidden neuron numbers were altered for proposed ANN structure. We have altered number of neurons for hidden layer between 2 to 10. The prediction of PMIO of the model during the years 2004-2005 follows the actual values with success, with the best calculated correlation coefficient 0.60.Öğe Compost production experience from municipal solid waste, in Istanbul(2006) Borat M.; Celik T.; Bayat C.TOC (Total Organic Carbon), TKN (Total Kjedhal Nitrojen), tP (total Phosporus), C/N (Carbon/Nitrogen ratio) contents and other properties of Municipal Solid Waste, in İstanbul are suitable for Compost Production. Compost is an extremely useful agent in agriculture, provides humous to soil, improves its porosity, workability, aeration and needless to say improves water absorption capacity. It also helps increasing the number of saprofit micro organisms and helps plants to get more of fertilizers. Another advantage of compost production is surely to decrease the volume of the waste to be placed in sanitary landfills. This means more longer service periods, which is extremely important for a huge metropole like İstanbul. The Compost plant, which is using aerobic fermentation process, was put in service in September 2001. It has a capasity of 700 tons per day in one shift. 700 tons of municipal waste per day screened through 80 mm sieve. Approximately 300 tons of material per day which passes through is sent to fermentation process. Out of the rest 400 tons per day, approximately 10% (40 tons) is sent to sorting by hand unit for resource recovery. Here, plastic, paper, cardboard and other material are regained. The rest 360 tons per day is sent to sanitary landfill for burrying. The material, which is suitable for composting, then screened through 10 mm sieve. The part which pass through this sieve is again sent to sanitary landfill because it may cause delay in fermentation process. The rest, which did not pass through 10 mm sieve, is taken into 8 fermentation units. 3 of this units are fully covered. Waste is spread within the units with 2 m. thickness. Humidity is controlled within these units, water is added if necessary and units are continuously aerated. In the first unit, after 3 days, tempeature increases up to 65-70 0C. Thus, pathogen micro organizms in the waste are got rid off. In every unit, solid waste inhabited a week. Hence, complete fermentation process is thus completed within 8 weeks. The row compost obtained is approximately 200 tons per day. After sieveing 100 tons of fresh compost is obtatined. It is than stored in an open air for maturation. Than it is used in parks, gardens, and green areas around streets and motorways in the vicinity of İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality. © 2006. International Scientific Conference SGEM.Öğe A general comparati?ve evaluati?on of the exi?sti?ng legal procedures concerni?ng the soli?d and hazardous waste management i?n the European uni?on and i?n Turkey(2007) Demir G.; Celik T.; Bayat C.Technological developments in 20. and 21. centuries have highered up standards of living and created welfare and more comfortable living conditions for mankind. However, together with the increasing world population, environmental problems have also increased and diversified based on various reasons. Therefore, with the aim of solving the existing air, water and earth pollution problems and taking them under control, laws and regulations have been put into force and announced both internationally and domestically. These laws and regulations have been renovated and new arrangements have still been made. In this study, we have made a general comparative evaluation of the existing legal procedures concerning the solid and hazardous waste management of the European Union and Turkey who maintains negotiations on integration into the union.Öğe Heavy metal concentrations of atmospheric ambient deposition dust in istanbul-bosphorus bridge tollhouses(2007) Ozcan J.H.K.; Demir G.; Nemlioglu S.; Sezgin N.; Bayat C.Air Pollution emissions due to motor vehicle-related traffic on motorways are sent into the atmosphere. Along with many pollutants from motor vehicles because of fossile fuel usage, heavy metals are also emitted as particles with exhausted gas. Heavy metals are one of the important parameters among environmental pollution sources. Heavy metals from motor vehicles may be found as PM in motorway atmosphere and be involved In street dust by depositing on roads as atmospheric precipitates. Bridge tollhouses are one of the most closely encountered environments of human beings with this kind of dust. In this study, time-related changes of atmospheric precipitate depositing per unit area were determined on breathing height of tollhouse workers, as well as concentrations of lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni) were measured. The study area was Istanbul Bosphorus Bridge, which Is one of the busiest points of the world (referred to as the junction point of Asia and Europe) after it was merged to international D-100 motorway. According to the results obtained from the samples collected in ten different times during thirteen months, average lead concentration was found to be 1454.65 mg/kg dry soil, where the concentrations of copper, zinc, cadmium, and nickel were 399.12, 2034.78, 24.37, and 140.92 mg/kg dry soil, respectively. © 2007 DEStech Publications, Inc.Öğe New opportunities for Turkey within the global climate change regime(2008) Bal P.; Bayat C.Over the last couple of decades, climate change has emerged to be one of the most complex challenges of the 21st century. As a result of the international cooperation achieved over the years, a global climate change regime has been established governed by climate politics. Over the last 50 years, the impacts of climate change have reached measurable dimensions. The fact that the average temperature of the earth's surface that is closer to the atmosphere has risen by 0.6 degrees C over the 20th century as well as 10-15% decrease in the glacier dimensions between 1950- 2000 have given impetus to scientific research and international cooperation. This paper, after highlighting the major outcomes of the most recent international conference on climate change; the Bali Conference held in December, in Bali, Indonesia; attempts to evaluate Turkey's position within the global climate change regime. Accordingly, first, the critical time period until the end of 2009, emanating from the Bali Action Plan, has been underlined. The importance of conducting negotiations within this time period has been emphasized as a precondition for Turkey to become an active part of the global climate change regime in the post-2012 period with those terms which she can afford to deliver as well as an important complement of her sustainable development policies. In this respect, some alternatives have been proposed with the aim of holding some light on these critical negotiations.Öğe Removal of copper (CU) from municipal solid waste (MSW) compost using batch washing(2006) Bayat C.; Ozbas E.E.; Celik T.This paper deals with the removal of copper from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) compost using Na2 and a mixture of Na2S2O5 and Na2 in the batch mode. At the end of extraction studies, for 3 hours at 1:25 solid:liquid ratio by using 0.05 M Na2EDTA, 100% removal yield was obtained for Cu. 100% heavy metal removal yield was obtained with 0.01 M Na2EDTA and 0.1 M Na2S2O5, at 1:6 solid:liquid ratio, for Cu in this study. © 2006. International Scientific Conference SGEM.Öğe Ship waste forecasting at the Botas LNG Port using artificial neural networks(2008) Satir T.; Demir H.; Alkan G.B.; Ucan O.N.; Bayat C.Cargo and passenger vessels are required to give their waste to reception facilities when at port, and due to new regulations Turkish ports need to establish or reconstruct these facilities. It is thus very important for ports to be able to predict the quantity of waste. In this study, the authors use Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to model four years of data on the reception of ship's waste at the Botas LNG Port in Marmara Ereglisi, Turkey. Satisfactory results are obtained by the ANN outputs, and confirmed by classical approaches. This ANN forecasting model can be used by waste management companies to plan new ports.Öğe The use of glass as a packaging material, recycling and a general outlook of the procedures in Turkey(2008) Albayrak S.; Demir G.; Celik T.; Bayat C.The world population has been increasing rather fast along with an inevitable rise in the process of industrialization. Today, the world population has reached 7.2 billion and it has been struggling for better standards of life. However, the ecological equilibrium has been tilted off as a result of depletion of natural resources and of the damage to the nature in order to obtain such packaging materials used for the needs of 7.2 billion people, mainly in terms of food and catering sectors as well as textile, furniture and the like. In today's world, people tend to consume foods and beverages known as "fast food" so as to save their time in a world of competition which renders volumes of packaging wastes naturally. In this context, packaging items made of glass are worth considering and relatively more advantageous than others, since they are recyclable and hygienic. Hence, in this work there have been some evaluations and analysis made for glass as a packaging material in Turkey.
