Datta, DipaloyMarti, Mustafa EsenUslu, HasanKumar, Sushil2024-03-132024-03-1320161876-10701876-1089https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2016.07.002https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12662/4217The reactive extraction of levulinic acid using two different extractants [tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) and tri-n-octylamine (TOA)] dissolved in 1-octanol was investigated at 298 K. Using the equilibrium data, the distribution coefficient (K-D), extraction efficiency (%E) and loading ratios (Z) were calculated. TOA provided highest K-D values with 1-octanol. A maximum K-D was obtained as 9.571 using 0.689 mol/kg TOA while 90.54 % of the initial levulinic acid was extracted. Increasing the initial acid concentration resulted in a decrease in the extraction efficiency. Loading ratios were found to be less than 1 for TBP while both types, i.e. 1:1 and 2:1 acid-amine complexes were expected to form with TOA. The feasibility of the extraction process was assessed by calculating minimum solvent to feed ratio required for 90% recovery of levulinic acid, number of theoretical stages, height and diameter of the extraction column. (C) 2016 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessLevulinic acidExtractionColumn designEquilibriumExtractantDiluentArticle10.1016/j.jtice.2016.07.0022-s2.0-84978906189413Q140766WOS:000382340200046Q1