Egemenlik, jeopolitik, uluslararası güvenlik üçgeninde 1936 Montrö Boğazlar Sözleşmesi ve Türk Boğazlarının statüsü
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Tarih
2022
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
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Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
İstanbul Beykent Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Araştırmanın amacı Türk Boğazları üzerinde Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin tam egemenliğini sağlarken, diğer yanda Misakı Milli sınırlarına bütünlük kazandıran Montrö Boğazlar Sözleşmesini egemenlik, jeopolitik ve uluslararası güvenlik kavramları çerçevesinde incelemektir. Boğazların statüsü, "Soğuk Savaş" sonrası dönemde nispeten görmezden gelinen "jeopolitik" kavramı üzerinden ele alınmış, ek olarak "egemenlik" kavramının "ulusal güvenliğe" ve "uluslararası güvenliğe" etkileri incelenmiştir. Tarihsel kurgu içerisinde askeri ve ticari su geçiş yolları olan boğazların jeopolitik önemleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Montrö Boğazlar Konferansı'nı ve Sözleşme metnini daha iyi analiz edebilmek için konferansın öncesinde ve sonrasında ortaya çıkan gelişmelere jeopolitik ve egemenlik kavramları çerçevesinde değinilerek genel resim netleştirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Yöntem olarak, jeopolitik, egemenlik ve uluslararası güvenlik kavramlarını açıklayan teorik makale ve kitaplar incelenerek kuramsal karşılaştırmalar yapılmıştır. Araştırmayı somutlaştırmak için konferans tutanak ve bildirileri incelenmiş. İngilizce metinler ile Türkçe metinleri karşılaştırılarak sözleşme metnini ortaya çıkaran tartışmaların özü ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca dönemin yazılı basın organlarının kopyalarına ulaşılarak kamuoyundaki yankıları ele alınmıştır. I. Dünya Savaşı serbest ticareti sekteye uğratmıştır. I. Dünya Savaşından sonraki dönemde İngiltere ve Fransa gibi deniz ticaretinde söz sahibi devletler, deniz geçiş yollarının güvenliği konusunda kuşkular duymaya başlamıştır. İlerleyen yıllarda Japonya'nın Mançurya'yı, İtalya'nın da Habeşistan'ı işgali uluslararası arenada güvensizlik ortamı meydana getirmiştir. Söz konusu dönemde Milletler Cemiyeti'nin uluslararası sorunların çözümünde yavaş ve nispeten pasif kaldığı ifade edilebilir. Devletlerin geniş bir coğrafyaya yayılan ticaret ağlarının güvenliğini sağlamak konusunda kararlılıkları Montrö Sözleşmesinin temellerini oluşturduğu ifade edilebilir. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin bu dönemde ortaya attığı yeni bir anlaşma isteği dönemin koşullarından doğan endişeler ile birleştiğinde taraf devletler açısından olumlu değerlendirilmiştir. Tüm bu bulgular ışığında elde edilen sonuçlar; dönemin uluslararası sisteminin sağlanmak istenilen barış ortamının aksine anarşik olduğudur. Diğer bir sonuç Montrö Boğazlar Sözleşmesinin Karadeniz'e kıyıdaş devletlerin ve diğer katılımcı devletlerin haklarını korurken, bununla birlikte temelinde Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin toprakları üzerinde tam egemenliğini ilan eden ve koruyan bir sözleşme olduğudur. Bu özelliğiyle günümüzde halen taraf devletler tarafından itiraz etmeden uygulanan bir sözleşmedir.
The aim of the research is to examine the Montreux Straits Convention, which provides the full sovereignty of the Republic of Turkey over the Turkish Straits, and also brings integrity to the National Pact, within the framework of the concepts of sovereignty, geopolitics and international security. The status of the Straits has been handled over the concept of "geopolitics", which was relatively ignored in the post-Cold War period, and the effects of the concept of "sovereignty" on "national security" and "international security" were also examined. In the historical fiction, the geopolitical importance of the straits, which are military and commercial water passageways, has been emphasized. In order to better analyze the Montreux Straits Conference and the text of the Convention, the general picture was tried to be clarified by mentioning the developments before and after it within the framework of geopolitics and sovereignty concepts. As a method, theoretical articles and books explaining the concepts of geopolitics, sovereignty and international security were examined and theoretical comparisons were made. In order to embody the research, conference minutes and papers were examined. By comparing the English texts with the Turkish texts, the essence of the discussions that revealed the contract text was tried to be revealed. In addition, the copies of the press organs of the period were reached and their repercussions in the public were discussed. First World War disrupted free trade. In the period after the First World War, states that had a say in maritime trade such as England and France began to have doubts about the safety of maritime passageways. In the following years, Japan's occupation of Manchuria and Italy's occupation of Ethiopia created an atmosphere of insecurity in the international arena. It can be stated that the League of Nations remained slow and relatively passive in solving international problems in that period. It can be stated that the determination of the states to ensure the security of trade networks spread over a wide geography forms the basis of the Montreux Convention. The request for a new agreement put forward by the Republic of Turkey in this period, combined with the concerns arising from the conditions of the period, was evaluated positively by the parties. The results we come across in the light of all these findings; It is that the international system of the period was anarchic, contrary to the desired peace environment. Another result of the Montreux Straits Convention of Black Sea littoral states and other participants while protecting the rights of the states, however, who declared on the basis of full sovereignty over the territory of the Republic of Turkey and that there was a contract that protects. With this feature, it is a contract that is still implemented by the states parties without objection.
The aim of the research is to examine the Montreux Straits Convention, which provides the full sovereignty of the Republic of Turkey over the Turkish Straits, and also brings integrity to the National Pact, within the framework of the concepts of sovereignty, geopolitics and international security. The status of the Straits has been handled over the concept of "geopolitics", which was relatively ignored in the post-Cold War period, and the effects of the concept of "sovereignty" on "national security" and "international security" were also examined. In the historical fiction, the geopolitical importance of the straits, which are military and commercial water passageways, has been emphasized. In order to better analyze the Montreux Straits Conference and the text of the Convention, the general picture was tried to be clarified by mentioning the developments before and after it within the framework of geopolitics and sovereignty concepts. As a method, theoretical articles and books explaining the concepts of geopolitics, sovereignty and international security were examined and theoretical comparisons were made. In order to embody the research, conference minutes and papers were examined. By comparing the English texts with the Turkish texts, the essence of the discussions that revealed the contract text was tried to be revealed. In addition, the copies of the press organs of the period were reached and their repercussions in the public were discussed. First World War disrupted free trade. In the period after the First World War, states that had a say in maritime trade such as England and France began to have doubts about the safety of maritime passageways. In the following years, Japan's occupation of Manchuria and Italy's occupation of Ethiopia created an atmosphere of insecurity in the international arena. It can be stated that the League of Nations remained slow and relatively passive in solving international problems in that period. It can be stated that the determination of the states to ensure the security of trade networks spread over a wide geography forms the basis of the Montreux Convention. The request for a new agreement put forward by the Republic of Turkey in this period, combined with the concerns arising from the conditions of the period, was evaluated positively by the parties. The results we come across in the light of all these findings; It is that the international system of the period was anarchic, contrary to the desired peace environment. Another result of the Montreux Straits Convention of Black Sea littoral states and other participants while protecting the rights of the states, however, who declared on the basis of full sovereignty over the territory of the Republic of Turkey and that there was a contract that protects. With this feature, it is a contract that is still implemented by the states parties without objection.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Uluslararası İlişkiler, International Relations
